Questions and Answers
What is the equation for classical conditioning?
What was the CS in Pavlov's original experiment?
bell
What was the UR in Pavlov's original experiment?
salivation
In Pavlov's experiment, what is it called when the bell and food were repeatedly paired?
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If Pavlov wanted to sustain the CR, what would he have to do?
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What would happen if Pavlov didn't offer food when the bell rang to sustain the CR?
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What does classical conditioning pair?
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What is operant conditioning?
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Which of the following is the stimulus: being afraid / brushing your teeth / the smell of bacon?
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What is the commonly used name of the operant chamber B.F. Skinner placed his pigeons in to study their behavior as modified by consequences?
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What is it called if Marcia thought she got over her aversion to raisins as a child but found some in a cookie and immediately felt nauseous?
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What is it called if Marcia thought she got over her aversion to raisins as a child but felt nauseous to prunes?
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What is it called if Marcia only feels nauseous from green raisins?
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John Watson's Little Albert Experiments were important because they showed that __________ could be classically conditioned.
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Who developed operant conditioning principles?
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What did B.F. Skinner build the operant conditioning principles off of?
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In operant conditioning, rewarded behavior is likely to _______________ but most likely to ________________ in the same situation in which it was originally reinforced.
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List the ABC's: Cindy won 500 tickets at Chuck E Cheese for playing skee ball.
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What is the operant conditioning technique called when a dancer must perfect their moves gradually?
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What is something that innately satisfies increasing behavior?
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What is an example of primary reinforcement?
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What is something pleasant that increases behavior because it is associated with a primary reinforcer?
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What is an example of secondary reinforcement?
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What is it called when something pleasant is given to increase behavior?
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What is removing something unpleasant to increase behavior called?
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What is an example of positive reinforcement?
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What is an example of negative reinforcement?
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What is it called when a negative stimulus is presented?
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What is an example of positive punishment?
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What is it called when a positive stimulus is taken away?
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What is an example of negative reinforcement?
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Reinforcement always decreases behavior.
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- The equation for classical conditioning is NS + US = UR; CS = CR.
- In Pavlov's experiments, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the bell.
- The unconditioned response (UR) was saliva production.
- The repeated pairing of the bell and food is referred to as acquisition.
- To maintain the conditioned response (CR), Pavlov would need to present food when the bell rang.
- If food is not presented when the bell rings, extinction occurs.
- Classical conditioning pairs a stimulus with an involuntary response and its consequences.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a learning process where the frequency of behavior depends on consequences.
- The smell of bacon is an example of a stimulus, while behaviors like being afraid or brushing teeth are responses.
- The operant chamber, known as the Skinner box, was used by B.F. Skinner to study behavior modified by consequences.
- Marcia's experience with raisins and subsequent nausea illustrates classical conditioning.
- If she reacts negatively to both raisins and prunes, this indicates generalization.
- If her nausea occurs only with green raisins, it shows discrimination.
Key Contributions
- John Watson's Little Albert experiment demonstrated that fear can be classically conditioned and illustrated generalization with similar stimuli.
- B.F. Skinner developed the principles of operant conditioning, building upon Thorndike's Law of Effect.
Behavioral Principles
- In operant conditioning, rewarded behavior is likely to recur in the same situation.
- The ABCs of behavior consist of:
- A: Affects (emotions, attitudes) - Cindy loves Chuck E. Cheese.
- B: Behaviors - She plays skee ball.
- C: Consequences - She wins 500 tickets.
Techniques of Operant Conditioning
- Shaping is used when behavior is gradually reinforced towards a desired goal, as seen with Andre's dance instruction.
- Primary reinforcement satisfies basic needs directly, like food.
- An example of primary reinforcement is food itself.
- Secondary reinforcement is pleasant stimuli that increase behavior due to association with primary reinforcers, like money.
- Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior, whereas negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus to do so.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Positive punishment introduces a negative stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., a slap).
- Negative punishment involves taking away a positive stimulus to decrease behavior.
- Reinforcement always increases behavior, contrary to the misconception that it might decrease it.
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Description
Test your knowledge of classical conditioning with these flashcards from Psychology Unit 3. Each card covers key concepts and terminology from Pavlov's experiments, helping reinforce your understanding of foundational ideas in psychology. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their grasp of learning theories.
