Psychology Unit 2 and 3 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does intrinsic motivation involve?

Performing an activity for the sake of external rewards

Motivated by the fear of consequences

Engaging in an activity due to social pressure

Doing something because it is enjoyable or stimulating (correct)

According to Clark Hull's drive theory, what generates drives?

Environmental stimuli that create a goal

Physiological disruptions to homeostasis (correct)

The individual’s perceived value of a reward

Incentives that motivate behavior

Which statement correctly describes stress as a stimulus?

Stress results from stressors that exceed an organism's resources. (correct)

Stress is viewed as a reaction to internal conflicts.

Stress is an inherent trait of the organism.

Stress can only occur due to psychological factors.

What are incentives in the context of motivation?

Environmental stimuli that encourage goal-directed behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

The state of internal physiological equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of developmental psychology?

The physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of humans over a lifespan Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Jean Piaget's Model of Cognitive Development involves children thinking symbolically?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical guideline emphasizes the importance of ensuring that research participants are not coerced into providing consent?

Researchers must take steps to avoid coercion Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive limitation is characterized by an inability to see a situation from another person's perspective?

Egocentrism Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning is defined as moving from specific facts to a general conclusion?

Inductive Reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of crystallized intelligence?

The recall of information and skills acquired over time Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical guideline ensures that the potential benefits of research outweigh the risks?

Risk-benefit analysis Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'irreversibility' refer to in cognitive development?

The inability to mentally reverse an object's transformation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psychology as defined in the content?

To influence or control behavior through knowledge and understanding Signup and view all the answers

In the scientific method, which step comes immediately after gathering information and forming a hypothesis?

Test the hypothesis by conducting research Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research focuses primarily on describing a phenomenon as it is?

Descriptive research Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?

The independent variable is manipulated, while the dependent variable is affected by this manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes operational definition?

A method to define the terms necessary to study a phenomenon and its properties. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about correlational research?

It describes relationships but does not determine causation. Signup and view all the answers

What quality is NOT typically associated with critical thinking skills?

Accepting information at face value Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of qualitative research methodology?

Performing a case study involving detailed observation of a single subject Signup and view all the answers

What is the first aspect of the appraisal process?

Demands Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome is characterized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

Alarm reaction phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a behavior that contributes to the development of illness called?

Health-compromising behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which appraisal refers to the resources available to cope with stress?

Secondary appraisal Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs during the Alarm Reaction Phase?

Slow digestion Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to an individual's ability to cope with stress?

Protective factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of health psychology?

Psychological and behavioral factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of health-enhancing behavior?

Sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Systematic Desensitization?

It is combined with relaxation training. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential in the process of disputing irrational beliefs?

Use of vigor and energy. Signup and view all the answers

What does Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) primarily focus on?

Mindfulness as a vehicle for change. Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy was specifically developed for individuals with borderline personality disorder?

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attribution, what does 'distinctiveness' refer to?

The uniqueness of a person's behavior across different situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy?

To combine exposure with cognitive restructuring. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'C' represent in the A-B-C-D-E model of beliefs?

Consequences of emotions and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines mindfulness?

A mental state of awareness and acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines hardiness?

A personality pattern characterized by commitment, control, and challenge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of emotion-focused coping?

Minimizing emotional responses to stressors. Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is characterized by time urgency and hostility?

Type A personality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the 'three Cs' of hardiness?

Commitment, control, and challenge Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the transtheoretical model does a person begin to plan for change?

Preparation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy focuses on resolving unconscious conflicts?

Psychodynamic therapies Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique of free association in psychoanalysis?

Encouraging patients to express any thoughts freely. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a type of psychological treatment?

Physical therapy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 2: Critical Thinking and Psychology

Critical thinking involves tolerating ambiguity, analyzing evidence, and considering alternative viewpoints.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology's four goals are describing behavior, explaining its causes, predicting future behavior, and influencing behavior to improve human well-being.

Unit 3: The Scientific Method

Curiosity, skepticism, and an open mind are important in the scientific method.
The scientific method involves identifying a question, gathering information and forming a hypothesis, conducting research, analyzing data to form conclusions, and reporting findings.

Operational Definitions

An operational definition clarifies the variables in research studies by outlining exactly how they will be measured.
This includes specifying the method, criteria, and properties to be studied.
Independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to assess its effect.
Dependent variable is the outcome that is observed or measured.

Unit 3: Research Paradigms

Research is categorized into descriptive, correlational, and experimental techniques.
Qualitative research often involves descriptive approaches.
Quantitative research often focuses on correlational and experimental methods.
Descriptive research describes behaviors as they occur.
- Case studies offer in-depth analyses of individuals or events.
- Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environments.
- Surveys collect data from a large number of participants.
Correlational research assesses the relationship between variables without manipulating them.
- A correlation describes the strength and direction of this relationship.
- Correlations can be positive (increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other) or negative (increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other).
Experiments manipulate independent variables to observe their effect on dependent variables, controlling other variables.
- Experimental groups receive a manipulation, control groups do not.
- Between-subjects design compares different groups.
- Within-subjects design looks for effects within a single group over time.

Ethics in Psychological Research

The Canadian Psychological Association establishes ethical guidelines for researchers to follow.
These guidelines emphasize participant welfare, protection from harm, ensuring informed consent without coercion, and protecting privacy and confidentiality.

Unit 5: Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology studies the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral changes across a lifespan.
Assimilation is the process of interpreting new information using existing schemas.
Accommodation is adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information.
Egocentrism is the inability to take another person's perspective.
Irreversibility is the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events.
Centration is focusing on only one aspect of a situation.
Inductive reasoning involves using specific observations to draw general conclusions.
Spatial orientation: The ability to control one's body in relation to the environment.
Fluid intelligence: The ability to think and reason in the moment.
Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge and skills gained over a lifetime.

###Unit 5: Piaget's Model and Kohlberg's Stages

Piaget's stages of cognitive development outline the stages of cognitive development across the lifespan.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development outline the stages of moral development across the lifespan.

Unit 7: Motivation and Emotion

Motivation involves the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior.
Instincts are inherited tendencies to behave in specific ways.
Homeostasis is the body's tendency to maintain internal balance.
Drives are internal states of tension motivated by disruptions to homeostasis.
Incentives are environmental stimuli that motivate behavior.
Expectancy-value theory posits that motivation is determined by the expectation of success and the value placed on the goal.
Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or avoiding punishment
Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal enjoyment or interest.

Unit 8: Stress and Health

Stress can be viewed as a stimulus, a response, or an interaction between the organism and its environment.
Stressors are stimuli that tax or exceed resources.
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral are components of the stress response.
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describes the body's response to stress with alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases.

Unit 9: Health Psychology

Health psychology studies how psychological processes affect health.
Health-enhancing behaviors promote good health.
Health-compromising behaviors increase risks for disease.
Protective factors are resources that help individuals cope with stress.
Hardiness involves commitment, control, and challenge.
Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from adversity.
Coping self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to cope with challenges.
Optimism can play an important role in stress response.
Personality factors (eg. Type A & B) can influence stress responses.
The appraisal process is evaluating the situation and resources to deal with stress.
Primary appraisal is assessing the demands of a situation (what are the risks).
Secondary appraisal involves assessing resources available for dealing with the situation (how am I going to deal).

Unit 10: Psychological Treatments

Various types of psychological therapies exist, from psychoanalysis to cognitive therapies, with different approaches to treatment.
Psychodynamic therapies focus on unconscious conflicts.
Cognitive-behavior therapies combine emotional and behavioral intervention.

Unit 11: Attribution

Attribution is the process of determining the cause of a person's behavior.
Personal attributions emphasize the person's traits or characteristics.
Situational attributions emphasize external factors or circumstances.
Fundamental attribution error is overemphasizing personal attributions.
Self-serving bias is taking credit for successes and avoiding blame for failures.
Social roles and norms guide social behaviors.
Social norms represent cultural rules about acceptable behavior.
Conformity and obedience are influenced by social pressure.
Prosocial behavior involves helping others, promoting social good.

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Description

Test your understanding of critical thinking in psychology and the scientific method. This quiz will cover key concepts such as operational definitions, goals of psychology, and the steps involved in the scientific approach. Challenge yourself and see how well you grasp these essential topics!