Psychology Unit 11: Personality
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Questions and Answers

Based on personality tests, what is a key finding regarding genetically identical twins raised apart?

  • Their personalities are more influenced by environmental factors than genetics.
  • They show significant similarities in personality, despite different upbringing. (correct)
  • They exhibit completely different personalities due to diverse environments.
  • Their personalities are only similar in specific traits like social potency.

Which personality trait has been shown to have a particularly strong genetic component?

  • Impulsivity
  • Achievement
  • Traditionalism (correct)
  • Social closeness

What is temperament in the context of personality development?

  • An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding. (correct)
  • A set of complex behaviors acquired over time.
  • A person's ability to adapt to changing environments.
  • An individual’s learned responses to social interactions.

What is a characteristic of people with a longer dopamine-4 receptor gene?

<p>They are more likely to be thrill-seekers, extroverted, and impulsive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between genes and environment in personality development?

<p>Genes interact with the environment in shaping personality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of temperament?

<p>It shows significant stability from infancy into adolescence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the impact of studying identical twins raised in different environments?

<p>These studies are helpful but not definitive because it's difficult to control environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to figure 4, what is the lowest genetic inheritance percentage listed for a personality trait?

<p>15% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions proposed by Eysenck to evaluate personality?

<p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistical technique was primarily used to identify the Big Five personality traits?

<p>Factor analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the ‘Big Five’ personality trait that reflects emotional stability?

<p>Neuroticism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a domain where the Big Five personality traits have been consistently observed?

<p>Astrological charts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner's behaviorist approach, what primarily shapes personality?

<p>Learned behavior patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Big Five' model is often remembered by the acronym OCEAN. Which trait corresponds to the 'C' in OCEAN?

<p>Conscientiousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main distinction between psychodynamic/trait approaches and learning approaches to personality?

<p>Psychodynamic/trait approaches focus on the 'inner' person; learning approaches focus on the external environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'Big Five' research, what does the term 'cross-cultural' refer to?

<p>Research conducted in many countries and cultures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freudian theory, what primary role does the ego play in personality?

<p>To mediate between the instinctual drives of the id and the moral constraints of the superego. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a fixation, according to Freud’s psychosexual stage theory?

<p>Conflicts or concerns that continue beyond the developmental period in which they first occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of defense mechanisms, according to Freud?

<p>To reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing its source. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of 'fixation' related to the psychosexual stages of development, according to Freud?

<p>It arises from unresolved conflicts or needs during a psychosexual stage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did neo-Freudian psychoanalysts differ from Freud in their views on the ego?

<p>They placed greater emphasis on the ego's role in controlling day-to-day activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the superego were to operate without restraint, what kind of individual would it theoretically create?

<p>A person incapable of compromise and focused almost exclusively on perfection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human life did neo-Freudians consider more important than Freud did?

<p>The social environment and cultural influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Freud view human anxiety in relation to the other structures of the personality?

<p>As a signal to the ego indicating an impending conflict between the id and the superego. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the outcome of an overly indulged child according to Freud's stages of development?

<p>A fixation characterized by conflicts carrying through into adulthood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, what is the collective unconscious?

<p>An inherited set of ideas and symbols shared by all humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the id and the superego?

<p>The id seeks pleasure without considering any constraints, and the superego strives for perfection and moral behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Jung view the primitive urges of the unconscious compared to Freud?

<p>He considered them to be a general and positive life force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are archetypes, according to Jung?

<p>Universal symbolic representations of ideas and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Freud view the impact of childhood experiences on adult personality?

<p>Childhood experiences serve as the basis for an individual's adult personality and can predict later traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example aligns with Jung's concept of the collective unconscious?

<p>The shared theme of motherhood in different cultures' art and mythology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neurotic anxiety involve, according to Freud?

<p>Irrational impulses that trigger anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion regarding the influence of genetics on personality?

<p>Estimates of genetic influence are group-based and not individual-specific. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can genetically determined characteristics be expressed according to the content?

<p>They must be activated by specific environmental experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do humanistic approaches to personality emphasize?

<p>People's inherent goodness and potential for growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to humanistic theorists, what fundamental misperception do other personality approaches share?

<p>People are controlled by unconscious forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major contribution of Carl Rogers to humanistic theory?

<p>The need for self-actualization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do behaviors produced by genes have in personality development?

<p>They create a supportive environment through interaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a shared characteristic of the personality traits that theorists recognize?

<p>They are significantly influenced by heredity and environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the view of humanistic theorists on personality?

<p>Conscious and self-motivated abilities are central to personality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from receiving unconditional positive regard from others?

<p>Formation of a realistic self-concept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, what is the ultimate goal of his hierarchy of needs?

<p>Attaining self-actualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>It considers only average individuals (A), It suggests linear progression through levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deficiency motivation refer to in Maslow's theory?

<p>Motivation driven by unmet needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do psychologists face when assessing personality?

<p>Defining meaningful assessment criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach does Pervin suggest regarding the understanding of personality?

<p>Personality must be viewed from multiple perspectives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Maslow change his view regarding the levels of his hierarchy over time?

<p>He believed movement through levels is not strictly linear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of conditional positive regard?

<p>Development of anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Superego

The part of the personality that strives for perfection and moral behavior, often based on societal rules and expectations.

Id

The part of the personality that is driven by basic instincts and desires, seeking immediate gratification.

Ego

The part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, superego, and reality, striving for a balance.

Fixation

A stage in psychosexual development where a child may become fixated due to unresolved conflicts, potentially leading to unhealthy personality traits.

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Psychosexual Stages

A theory by Freud explaining how personality develops through five stages, each focusing on a different erogenous zone and potential conflicts.

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Anxiety (according to Freud)

Anxiety experienced as a danger signal by the ego, prompting it to use defense mechanisms to cope with stress and conflict.

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Defense Mechanisms

Strategies the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety, often unconscious processes involving distortion of reality.

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Freud's Theory of Fixation

Freud's theory that the inability to resolve conflicts during a particular stage leads to fixation, potentially influencing adult personality.

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What are defense mechanisms?

Unconscious strategies used to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of anxiety.

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What is neurotic anxiety?

A form of anxiety originating from irrational impulses and unconscious conflicts.

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Who are the Neo-Freudians?

A group of psychoanalysts who built upon Freud's work, emphasizing the ego's role and social influences.

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What is the collective unconscious?

Inherited, universal ideas, feelings, images, and symbols shared by all humans due to our common ancestral past.

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What are archetypes?

Universal symbolic representations of people, objects, ideas, or experiences present in the collective unconscious.

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What is the mother archetype?

A specific archetype representing the mother figure, reflecting our ancestors' relationships with motherhood.

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How did Jung view the unconscious?

Jung's belief that the unconscious is a source of creativity and positive conflict resolution, not just repressed desires.

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What is the main idea behind the collective unconscious?

The idea that human behavior is influenced by a shared set of unconscious ideas from our collective past.

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Psychoticism

A personality trait that measures individuality and how much a person conforms to norms.

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Personality (Skinner's View)

A collection of learned behaviors that shape an individual's personality.

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Learning Approaches to Personality

The idea that personality is shaped by the environment and interactions with it.

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Openness to Experience

A personality trait that describes how much someone is open to new experiences, ideas, and feelings.

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Conscientiousness

A personality trait that signifies responsibility, organization, and self-discipline.

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Extraversion

A personality trait that describes someone who is sociable, talkative, and enjoys being around others.

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Agreeableness

A personality trait that describes someone who is kind, trusting, and cooperative.

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Neuroticism

A personality trait that measures someone's emotional stability, including their tendency to experience anxiety, worry, and sadness.

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Genetics and Personality: It's not just genes

The idea that our genetic makeup, while influential, doesn't entirely determine personality. Environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping who we are.

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Turning On Genes

Inherited traits may not manifest unless triggered by specific experiences. For example, a genetically predisposed musical talent might only emerge if a child is exposed to music.

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Genes Shaping Environment

A cheerful baby might elicit more smiles and positive interaction from parents, creating a nurturing atmosphere. This demonstrates how genes can shape our environment.

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Humanistic Approach: Core Principles

Humanistic theories emphasize the inherent goodness and potential for growth in every individual.

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Rogers and Self-Actualization

Carl Rogers, a key figure in humanistic psychology, believed in the innate drive for self-actualization, the process of becoming the best version of ourselves.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

A state where an individual feels accepted and valued regardless of their behavior or actions.

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Conditional Positive Regard

A state where an individual feels accepted and valued only when they meet specific criteria or expectations.

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Actualizing Tendency

The drive within each individual to strive for self-fulfillment and reach their full potential.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory that suggests individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic survival needs and progressing towards self-actualization.

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Deficiency Motivation

A type of motivation driven by the desire to fulfill a need that is lacking.

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Growth Motivation

A type of motivation driven by the desire for personal growth and self-actualization.

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Self-Actualization

The highest level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, representing the drive to achieve self-actualization, meaning, and fulfillment.

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Assessing Personality

The difficulty in capturing and understanding the complex and unique personalities of individuals.

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Heritable Personality Traits

Personality traits that are significantly influenced by genetic factors, making individuals more likely to inherit certain characteristics.

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Social Potency

The degree to which a person takes on leadership roles and asserts dominance in social situations. It's a personality trait with a strong genetic component.

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Traditionalism

The tendency to follow authority and traditional values, often influenced by genetic predispositions.

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Temperament

An individual's characteristic behavioral style and way of responding, present from infancy and influencing personality development.

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Temperament Stability

The consistency and stability of temperament over time, suggesting that early personality patterns often persist.

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Dopamine-4 Receptor Gene

A gene related to the dopamine neurotransmitter, influencing an individual's tendency to seek out thrilling and novel experiences.

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Gene-Environment Interaction

The complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping personality.

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Indivisible Nature-Nurture

The idea that it's impossible to completely separate the influence of genes from environmental factors in shaping a person's personality.

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Study Notes

Unit 11: Personality

  • Personality is a pattern of enduring traits and unique characteristics that produce consistency and individuality.
  • The word "personality" originated from the Latin word "persona," which referred to a theatrical mask.
  • Psychologists differ on the meaning of personality.
  • Personality is more than just the role people play.
  • Personality traits motivate people to think, feel, and react consistently in particular ways.
  • Some personality traits are unique to individuals, but others are shared by all people.
  • Traits contribute to individual differences, consistency, and stability across situations.
  • Examples of characteristics that make up an individual's personality include temperament, physique, and intelligence.
  • Psychologists are interested in understanding human behavior and how personality predicts behavior.

Origins of Personality Psychology

  • Personality has been studied for over 2000 years, beginning with Hippocrates (370 BCE).
  • Hippocrates theorized that personality traits and human behaviors were based on four humors or bodily fluids. 
  • This theory is known as Humourism or Humoral theory of personality.
  • This theory proposed that an individual's personality was the result of the balance of these four humors.

Development of Personality: Nature vs. Nurture

  • The nature vs. nurture debate applies to personality development.
  • Biological perspective emphasizes physiological and genetic factors influencing personality.
  • Twin studies are commonly used to examine the relative contributions of nature and nurture.
  • While genetics play a role, research shows personality development is a bidirectional interaction between inherited tendencies and life experiences. 
  • Environmental factors (culture, parenting, social-economic status) contribute significantly.

Theories of Personality

  • Psychodynamic approaches (Freud et al.) emphasize the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
  • Trait approaches (Allport, Cattell, Eysenck) focus on identifying basic traits that describe personality.
  • Learning approaches (Skinner, Bandura) emphasize the role of experiences and environment in shaping behavior.
  • Biological and evolutionary approaches consider the role of genetics, temperament, and evolutionary pressures on personality.
  • Humanistic approaches (Rogers, Maslow) emphasize inherent goodness and self-actualization.

Assessment of Personality

  • Psychological tests are used to assess personality objectively.
  • Reliability (consistency of results) and validity (measuring what it's intended to measure) are crucial factors in assessing personality.
  • Self-report measures (e.g., MMPI-2-RF) involve individuals answering questions about themselves.
  • Projective methods (e.g., Rorschach, TAT) use ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious aspects of personality.
  • Behavioral assessment involves observing and measuring behavior to understand personality.

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Unit 11: Personality PDF

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Explore the intriguing world of personality in this quiz based on Unit 11. Discover the definitions, origins, and significance of personality traits in human behavior. Test your understanding of how these enduring characteristics shape individuality and consistency in actions.

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