Psychology Unit 1: History & Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is psychology?

The science of mental processes and behavior.

What are the four goals of psychologists?

  • Explain behavior (correct)
  • Describe behavior (correct)
  • Predict behavior (correct)
  • Control / change behavior (correct)

    • Psychology is considered a science because it relies on intuition and personal experiences.

    False

    Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes the scientific study of observable behaviors and their environmental influences?

    <p>Behavioral Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Psychodynamic Approach, founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in shaping behavior and mental health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the humanistic approach to psychology?

    <p>Emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and human nature as growth seeking experiences and motivations for behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the cognitive approach to psychology?

    <p>The cognitive approach studies how we think, remember, store, and use information from our environment using a vast array of mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Evolutionary Approach emphasizes the adaptive nature of behavior, suggesting that behaviors that promote survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed down through generations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a main research method used in psychology?

    <p>Qualitative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Naturalistic Observation?

    <p>A research method where researchers observe and record people's behavior in their natural environment, without actively manipulating any variables, to study their typical actions and interactions as they occur in real-life situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation tell you?

    <p>It indicates the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A negative correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Correlation implies causation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using experiments in psychological research?

    <p>Experiments can demonstrate cause and effect by actively manipulating a variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable?

    <p>The variable that is being manipulated by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nervous system, and what is its main function?

    <p>The body's electrochemical communication system. Uses electrical and chemical signals to allow the body's parts to communicate with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is plasticity?

    <p>The brain has a special capacity to change and adapt as we experience new things or encounter injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major division of the nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Motor system that automatically, and involuntarily activates or inhibits internal organs of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Sensory and motor system that relays information about touch and pain to the central nervous system, and sends messages from the brain to the muscles to produce voluntary movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major divisions of the brain?

    <p>Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for control of balance and coordination?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in regulating arousal, sleep, and wakefulness?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain plays a key role in visual reflexes and auditory processing?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain includes the limbic system, a network of structures involved in emotions, memory, and motivation?

    <p>Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Walking and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the amygdala?

    <p>Fear and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hippocampus?

    <p>Learning and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Body regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Limbic Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of the frontal lobe?

    <p>Motor cortex, Prefrontal cortex; Personality changes, impaired judgment, difficulty planning, impulsive behavior, problems with concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

    <p>Somatosensory (perceive touch, pressure, pain, temperature, movement, vibration, and position) cortex; Sensory disturbances like numbness or tingling, difficulty with spatial awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the temporal lobe?

    <p>Auditory cortex; Difficulty with auditory processing, impaired memory, problems recognizing faces, auditory hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right side of the brain is typically associated with logic, language, and analytical skills.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left side of the brain is typically associated with creativity, spatial reasoning, and emotional processing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron receives information from other neurons?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron transmits information to other neurons?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the soma in a neuron?

    <p>The cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are terminal buttons, and what is their function?

    <p>Release chemical messages (neurotransmitters) onto neighboring dendrites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a synapse?

    <p>The space between two neurons where they communicate with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an action potential?

    <p>Brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health psychology?

    <p>Maintaining health and preventing/treating illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the role of attitudes and beliefs in shaping behavior?

    <p>Theory of Planned Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in the Stages of Change Model involves recognizing the need for change but not yet taking action?

    <p>Contemplation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Preparation/Determination stage involves making a plan and preparing to take action.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Action/Willpower stage entails implementing the planned changes and actively engaging in new behaviors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maintenance stage in the Stages of Change Model?

    <p>Success over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a benefit of social support?

    <p>Financial Gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stressors?

    <p>Events that can cause stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is associated with negative or unpleasant experiences?

    <p>Distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is associated with positive or challenging experiences?

    <p>Eustress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hassles?

    <p>Minor inconveniences, daily hassles in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are major life events?

    <p>Landmark events that change your life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are catastrophes?

    <p>Events that happen on a large scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of stress involves high expectations and demands from external sources?

    <p>Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of stress involves feeling blocked from achieving a goal?

    <p>Frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of stress involves having to choose between two equally desirable or undesirable options?

    <p>Conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is learned helplessness?

    <p>After repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events, organisms will develop a tendency to remain in stressful situations, even when escape is possible. Learned Helpless leads to increased illness, depression, and anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between approach-approach conflict and avoidance-avoidance conflict?

    <p>Approach-approach conflict involves two desirable goals, while avoidance-avoidance conflict involves two undesirable goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is approach-avoidance conflict?

    <p>Choosing yes or no about a goal that has both good and bad things about it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the three phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

    <p>Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alarm phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

    <p>The initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resistance phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

    <p>After the initial shock of a stressful event and having a fight-or-flight response, the body begins to repair itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exhaustion phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

    <p>The body has depleted its energy resources by continually trying but failing to recover from the initial alarm reaction stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the nature vs. nurture debate in developmental psychology?

    <p>Exploring how nature and nurture interact to influence development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cross-sectional design in developmental research?

    <p>Comparing different age groups at a single point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a longitudinal design in developmental research?

    <p>Observing a single group of participants over a long period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are teratogens?

    <p>Any agent that can cause a birth defect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of prenatal development spans from the first two weeks after conception to about two months?

    <p>Zygotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of prenatal development spans from week 2 to week 8 after conception?

    <p>Embryonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of prenatal development spans from the end of month 2 to 9 months following conception?

    <p>Fetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are schemas in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>Skills and behaviors that allow child to interact with objects and others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assimilation in Jean Piaget's theory?

    <p>Incorporating new information into existing schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is accommodation in Jean Piaget's theory?

    <p>Changing a schema to new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do infants develop an understanding of the world through sensory experiences and motor actions?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do children develop the ability for symbolic thought and pretend play?

    <p>Preoperational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do children develop logical reasoning skills and the ability to perform mental operations with concrete objects?

    <p>Concrete operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do individuals develop abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and the ability to solve problems systematically?

    <p>Formal operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Strange Situation experiment?

    <p>To assess the quality of attachment between an infant and its caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by high expectations, strict rules, and little room for discussion?

    <p>Authoritarian Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by high expectations, clear communication, warmth, and responsiveness to children's needs?

    <p>Authoritative Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by a lack of involvement, warmth, and responsiveness to children's needs?

    <p>Neglectful Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by few limits, high levels of warmth, and acceptance of a child's behavior?

    <p>Permissive Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit 1: History of Psychology/Research Methods and Biological Basis of Behavior

    • Psychology is the science of mental processes and behavior.
    • The four goals of psychologists are to describe, predict, explain, and control/change behavior.
    • Psychology is considered a science because it uses research and observation to make conclusions about behavior and thought.
    • The biological approach views human and animal behavior as a direct result of events in the body.
    • The behavioral approach focuses on observable actions and environmental influences.
    • The psychodynamic approach, developed by Sigmund Freud, suggests mental and behavioral problems arise from conflicts between conscious and unconscious desires.
    • The humanistic approach emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and the inherent growth of individuals.
    • The cognitive approach studies mental processes like memory, thinking, and problem-solving.
    • The evolutionary approach examines behavior in terms of natural selection and adaptation for reproductive success.
    • The sociocultural approach examines the influences of social interactions and cultural factors on behavior.

    Research Methods in Psychology

    • Descriptive research observes and records behavior in natural settings.
    • Correlational research explores relationships between variables.
    • Experimental research investigates cause-and-effect relationships, actively manipulating variables.
    • Positive correlation: Variables move in the same direction (as one increases, the other increases).
    • Negative correlation: Variables move in opposite directions (as one increases, the other decreases).
    • Correlation does not equal causation.
    • Experiments help isolate causal relationships.
    • Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.
    • Dependent variable: The variable measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.

    Biological Basis of Behavior

    • The nervous system is the body's electrochemical communication system.
    • Plasticity is the brain's ability to change and adapt.
    • The autonomic nervous system automatically controls internal organs.
    • The somatic nervous system relays sensory and motor information.
    • The brain has three major divisions: the hindbrain (medulla, cerebellum, pons), midbrain (tectum and tegmentum), and forebrain (limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex).
    • The four lobes of the cerebral cortex are the frontal lobe (motor cortex, prefrontal cortex), parietal lobe (somatosensory cortex), temporal lobe (auditory cortex), and occipital lobe (visual cortex).

    Unit 2: Health Psychology and Human Development

    • Health psychologists focus on maintaining health and preventing/treating illness.
    • The theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior emphasize the importance of specific intentions for behavior changes.
    • Stressors are events that can cause stress, like hassles, major life events, and catastrophes.
    • Distress refers to unpleasant happenings, while eustress refers to positive happenings.
    • Learned helplessness occurs when repeated exposure to uncontrollable events leads to a tendency to remain in stressful situations.
    • Nature vs. nurture investigates the role of inherited characteristics and environmental factors in development.
    • Cross-sectional designs study different age groups at one time point.
    • Longitudinal designs track the same group of individuals over an extended period.
    • Teratogens are agents that can cause birth defects.
    • The prenatal stages include the zygote, embryonic, and fetal stages.

    Unit 3: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

    • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior.
    • Classical conditioning involves associations between stimuli.
    • Operant conditioning involves associations between responses and consequences (reinforcement and punishment).
    • Observational learning involves learning by observing others.
    • Memory processes include encoding, storage, and retrieval.
    • Sensory memory is a brief, initial stage of memory.
    • Short-term memory has a limited capacity.
    • Long-term memory has a large capacity and stores information for an extended period.
    • Concepts can be formal (defined by rules) or natural (based on prototypes).
    • Problem-solving strategies include algorithms and heuristics.
    • Cognitive biases (confirmation bias, functional fixedness, mental sets) can hinder problem-solving.

    Unit 4: Social Psychology and Psychological Disorders and Therapies

    • Social cognition is how individuals process social information.
    • Attribution theory explains why people behave the way they do, considering internal and external causes, stable vs. unstable causes and controllable vs. uncontrollable causes.
    • Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate external factors.
    • Stereotypes are fixed and generalized beliefs about groups.
    • Prejudice is a negative attitude towards a group.
    • Discrimination is negative behavior directed towards a group.
    • Psychotherapy includes insight therapies (e.g., psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy) and action therapies (e.g., behavioral, cognitive therapy).
    • Biomedical therapies involve medical procedures.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common and effective treatment for anxiety and mood disorders.
    • Psychological disorders, like anxiety disorders (panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder), mood disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder), and schizophrenia can be treated with therapies and/or medications.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of psychology in this quiz covering the history of psychology, research methods, and the biological basis of behavior. Delve into various psychological approaches including behaviorism, psychodynamics, humanism, and cognitive psychology. Test your understanding of how these theories explain human behavior and mental processes.

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