Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following reflects the core belief of Gestalt psychology concerning human perception?
Which of the following reflects the core belief of Gestalt psychology concerning human perception?
- Humans are innately good and strive for self-actualization.
- Behavior is primarily driven by unconscious desires and early childhood experiences.
- The whole is different from the sum of its parts; the mind actively organizes sensory information to create meaningful experiences. (correct)
- Breaking down experiences into their smallest elements provides the most accurate understanding.
Which research method is MOST suitable for gathering in-depth information about a particularly rare psychological disorder?
Which research method is MOST suitable for gathering in-depth information about a particularly rare psychological disorder?
- An experiment due to its emphasis on control over variables.
- A naturalistic observation as it offers insight into behavior in a natural setting.
- A correlational study, as it can identify relationships between variables.
- A case study, as it allows for detailed examination of a single individual. (correct)
In an experiment examining the effect of caffeine on test performance, the control group should receive:
In an experiment examining the effect of caffeine on test performance, the control group should receive:
- A high dosage of caffeine to maximize potential effects.
- No treatment at all, serving as a baseline for comparison.
- The same dosage of caffeine as the experimental group, ensuring consistency.
- A substance identical in appearance to caffeine but lacking its active properties (i.e., a placebo). (correct)
In a study on the effects of a new drug, participants are not informed whether they are receiving the actual drug or a placebo, but the researchers interacting with them are aware of who is in each group. This is an example of a:
In a study on the effects of a new drug, participants are not informed whether they are receiving the actual drug or a placebo, but the researchers interacting with them are aware of who is in each group. This is an example of a:
Which of the following analogies BEST describes the function of the myelin sheath?
Which of the following analogies BEST describes the function of the myelin sheath?
What would be the MOST likely outcome if the corpus callosum were severed?
What would be the MOST likely outcome if the corpus callosum were severed?
Damage to the occipital lobe would MOST likely result in:
Damage to the occipital lobe would MOST likely result in:
How does the endocrine system primarily communicate with the body's tissues and organs?
How does the endocrine system primarily communicate with the body's tissues and organs?
In Pavlov's experiments, what critical element is evident when a dog salivates upon hearing a bell that was previously paired with food?
In Pavlov's experiments, what critical element is evident when a dog salivates upon hearing a bell that was previously paired with food?
What distinguishes a secondary reinforcer from a primary reinforcer?
What distinguishes a secondary reinforcer from a primary reinforcer?
What is the MOST critical element that differentiates insight learning from trial-and-error learning?
What is the MOST critical element that differentiates insight learning from trial-and-error learning?
Imagine a person who develops a strong aversion to the sight and smell of the restaurant where they experienced a severe episode of food poisoning. What learning mechanism BEST explains this aversion?
Imagine a person who develops a strong aversion to the sight and smell of the restaurant where they experienced a severe episode of food poisoning. What learning mechanism BEST explains this aversion?
In the context of memory processing, what does encoding primarily involve?
In the context of memory processing, what does encoding primarily involve?
Which strategy enhances memory by organizing information into manageable and meaningful units?
Which strategy enhances memory by organizing information into manageable and meaningful units?
In what scenario is recognition MOST likely to be easier than recall?
In what scenario is recognition MOST likely to be easier than recall?
Which of the following BEST illustrates the concept of elaborative rehearsal?
Which of the following BEST illustrates the concept of elaborative rehearsal?
What is the PRIMARY difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
What is the PRIMARY difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
How does the misinformation effect MOST significantly impact eyewitness testimony?
How does the misinformation effect MOST significantly impact eyewitness testimony?
What is the MOST comprehensive way to describe the scope of developmental psychology?
What is the MOST comprehensive way to describe the scope of developmental psychology?
A child searches for a toy that has been hidden under a blanket. According to Piaget, what developmental milestone has this child achieved?
A child searches for a toy that has been hidden under a blanket. According to Piaget, what developmental milestone has this child achieved?
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, during adolescence, the PRIMARY conflict individuals face involves:
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, during adolescence, the PRIMARY conflict individuals face involves:
In Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys, what factor was MOST crucial in determining attachment?
In Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys, what factor was MOST crucial in determining attachment?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demands, low responsiveness, and a focus on obedience and control?
Which parenting style is characterized by high demands, low responsiveness, and a focus on obedience and control?
During prenatal development, what are teratogens MOST likely to cause?
During prenatal development, what are teratogens MOST likely to cause?
What BEST describes the role of Wilhelm Wundt in the history of psychology?
What BEST describes the role of Wilhelm Wundt in the history of psychology?
What was a significant contribution of Kenneth and Mamie Clark to the field of psychology?
What was a significant contribution of Kenneth and Mamie Clark to the field of psychology?
What is the PRIMARY focus of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
What is the PRIMARY focus of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
What is the BEST illustration of observer bias confounding research results?
What is the BEST illustration of observer bias confounding research results?
Which scenario BEST demonstrates the observer effect?
Which scenario BEST demonstrates the observer effect?
Which neural structure is PRIMARILY responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Which neural structure is PRIMARILY responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
What happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminals?
What happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminals?
What is the PRIMARY function of the central nervous system?
What is the PRIMARY function of the central nervous system?
Damage to the parietal lobe would PRIMARILY affect which of the following functions?
Damage to the parietal lobe would PRIMARILY affect which of the following functions?
Which cerebral lobe is MOST responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as planning, decision-making, and working memory?
Which cerebral lobe is MOST responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as planning, decision-making, and working memory?
What describes the evolutionary purpose of conditioned taste aversion?
What describes the evolutionary purpose of conditioned taste aversion?
What is the MAIN distinction between primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
What is the MAIN distinction between primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
Flashcards
What is psychology?
What is psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Wilhelm Wundt's contribution
Wilhelm Wundt's contribution
Established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, marking the beginning of psychology as a science.
William James's contribution
William James's contribution
Developed functionalism, emphasizing the adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes.
Margaret Floy Washburn's contribution
Margaret Floy Washburn's contribution
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Kenneth and Mamie Clark's Contribution
Kenneth and Mamie Clark's Contribution
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Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
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What is Gestalt psychology?
What is Gestalt psychology?
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Naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic Observation
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Case Study
Case Study
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Surveys
Surveys
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Experiments
Experiments
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What is a correlation?
What is a correlation?
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Single-Blind Study
Single-Blind Study
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Double-Blind Study
Double-Blind Study
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Observer Bias
Observer Bias
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Observer Effect
Observer Effect
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Dendrites
Dendrites
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Soma
Soma
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Axon
Axon
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Myelin Sheath
Myelin Sheath
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Axon Terminals
Axon Terminals
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Synapse
Synapse
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What is an action potential?
What is an action potential?
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Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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Occipital Lobe Function
Occipital Lobe Function
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Parietal Lobe Function
Parietal Lobe Function
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Temporal Lobe Function
Temporal Lobe Function
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Frontal Lobe Function
Frontal Lobe Function
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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Neutral Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
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Study Notes
- Psychology studies behaviors and mental processes.
Lesson 1
- Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Magaret F. Washburn, Kenneth Clark, and Mamie Clark made major contributions to the field.
- Sigmund Freud is known for the psychoanalytic theory.
- Gestalt psychology focuses on perception and how people organize sensory information.
Lesson 2
- Naturalistic observation involves observing subjects in their natural environment, while case studies are in-depth analyses of individuals or groups.
- Surveys gather data through questionnaires, and experiments manipulate variables to determine cause and effect.
- A correlation is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables.
- Independent variables are manipulated, and dependent variables are measured.
- Single-blind studies keep participants unaware of their treatment, while double-blind studies also keep researchers unaware.
- Observer bias is when researchers' expectations influence their observations.
- The observer effect is when participants alter their behavior because they know they are being observed.
Lesson 3
- Neurons consist of dendrites (receive signals), soma (cell body), axon (transmits signals), myelin sheath (insulates axon), axon terminals (release neurotransmitters), and synapse (gap between neurons).
- An action potential is a rapid change in electrical potential that travels down a neuron.
- The nervous system divides into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord).
- The cerebral cortex features lobes: occipital (vision), parietal (sensory information), temporal (auditory processing), and frontal (executive functions).
- The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
- The endocrine system's main responsibility is to secrete hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
Lesson 4
- Classical conditioning involves unconditioned stimulus (naturally triggers a response), conditioned stimulus (previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the unconditioned stimulus, triggers a response), neutral stimulus (initially elicits no response), unconditioned response (natural response to the unconditioned stimulus), and conditioned response (learned response to the conditioned stimulus).
- Pavlov's experiment with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning.
- Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated how fear could be conditioned.
- Primary reinforcers are naturally rewarding, while secondary reinforcers are learned through association with primary reinforcers.
- Conditioned taste aversion (Garcia effect) is a learned aversion to a taste associated with illness.
- Insight learning involves sudden understanding, and observational learning involves learning by watching others.
Lesson 5
- The stages of memory: encoding (processing information), storage (retaining information), and retrieval (accessing information).
- Short-term memory briefly holds information, while long-term memory stores information for extended periods.
- Chunking is grouping information to improve memory, the serial position effect is the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list, and distributed practice involves spacing out study sessions.
- Recall involves retrieving information without cues, while recognition involves identifying information from options; recognition is typically easier.
- Elaborative rehearsal involves relating new information to existing knowledge.
- Retrograde amnesia is loss of memory for events before an incident, anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an incident, and Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss.
- The misinformation effect is when exposure to misleading information distorts memory.
Lesson 6
- Developmental psychology research covers from conception to death.
- Piaget's Stages of Development include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
- Egocentrism is the inability to see things from another's perspective.
- Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
- Erikson's stages of psychosocial development involve conflicts that shape personality
- Harlow's monkeys research demonstrated the importance of attachment and comfort.
- Parenting styles include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved; authoritative parenting typically has the best outcomes.
- Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects.
- Primary sexual characteristics are directly involved in reproduction, while secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction.
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Description
Overview of the history of psychology. Learn about key figures as well as research methods such as naturalistic observation, experiments, and surveys. Understand variables, bias, and ethical considerations.
