Questions and Answers
What was the key finding regarding the inescapable group in the experiment?
In comparison to other groups, how did the inescapable group respond to the noise?
What can be inferred about the 'no-noise' and 'escape' groups based on their behavior?
What does the latency to press a lever in the FR-1, FR-2, and FR-3 schedules indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following groups showed poor escape behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor was highlighted in Hiroto's experimental design?
Signup and view all the answers
What outcome is associated with learned helplessness in this context?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary behavior observed in the inescapable group during the trials?
Signup and view all the answers
What behavior does a naive dog exhibit after receiving an inescapable shock initially?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the experience of inescapable shock affect the dog's future responses?
Signup and view all the answers
What cognitive perception issue is mentioned in relation to success in experimental situations?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does inescapable noise have on students in the study mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
After a naive dog successfully escapes shock for the first time, how does its behavior change?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the 'yoked' group in the triadic design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary conclusion regarding helplessness from the experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group demonstrated the highest escape rates during testing?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the function of the hammock treatment in the experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
In the shuttle box test after the hammock treatment, which group showed the slowest responses?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of the shock treatment was critical to the experiment's conclusion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature distinguishes the treatment of the naive control group from the other groups?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the implication of the outcomes following the treatment for each group?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the basic triadic design aim to explain in the context of helplessness studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a key finding of Glass and Singer (1972) regarding controllability?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of the Seligman and Maier (1967) study, which group of dogs was affected by the helplessness effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does learning that relief is independent of responding have on behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is implied about the expectation of controllability in reducing stress according to the studies reviewed?
Signup and view all the answers
From which theories did the authors suggest readers consult for more information on helplessness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is meant by the 'incentive to initiate voluntary responses' in a traumatic situation?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the content, how can a person be influenced to feel helpless without direct exposure to uncontrollable events?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the cornerstone of the theory regarding controllability and responses?
Signup and view all the answers
What does response-outcome independence indicate about an outcome?
Signup and view all the answers
How does a belief in uncontrollability influence behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does responding in traumatic situations play according to the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What can interfere with learning about response-outcome associations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is suggested by the term 'voluntary (outcome-sensitive) responses'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement reflects the learning process when responses are deemed ineffective?
Signup and view all the answers
Which best describes the second step in the theory discussed?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Experimental Design
- Triadic design involves three groups:
- One group with a controllable outcome (escape group).
- Second group (yoked) experiences the same outcome but lacks control.
- Third group (naive control) has no exposure to outcome.
Learning and Helplessness
- Helplessness arises not from trauma but from perceived uncontrollability of outcomes.
- Yoked group demonstrated slower responses in escape tasks compared to escape and naive groups.
- Control over outcomes leads to effective learning and avoidance behavior, highlighting the role of perceived control.
Experiment Results
- All groups underwent escape/avoidance training after initial treatments.
- The escape and naive groups quickly learned to navigate the shuttle box, while the yoked group struggled significantly.
- Six out of eight yoked subjects failed to escape shocks, illustrating the impact of perceived helplessness.
Cognitive Effects of Uncontrollability
- Experiments highlighted that learning about uncontrollable outcomes diminishes the likelihood of effective responses.
- Negative cognitive set emerged, where subjects believed their actions were ineffective.
- Initial experiences of inescapable conditions negatively affected subsequent ability to solve problems (e.g., anagrams).
Theoretical Implications
- Learning about response-outcome independence hampers subsequent learning about control.
- A belief in uncontrollability reduces motivation to initiate voluntary responses in stressful situations.
- Expectation of response independence can lead to learned helplessness even without direct exposure to uncontrollable conditions.
Summary of Key Findings
- Actual controllability creates positive outcomes, while perceived uncontrollability fosters helplessness.
- The importance of control perception in stress reduction and response initiation is critical in understanding behavioral patterns in both animals and humans.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the triadic design in psychology, which involves the roles of different groups in an experiment. This quiz will cover the concepts of controlled, yoked, and naive groups and their interaction with outcomes. Understand the nuances of how responses and stimuli affect various groups within this design framework.