Psychology: Theories of Personality
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Questions and Answers

Which tendency is responsible for humans evolving to greater complexity?

  • Actualizing Tendency
  • Enhancement Tendency
  • Maintenance Tendency
  • Formative Tendency (correct)

What is the term for the organisms motivation to maintain basic needs?

Maintenance

The gap between the real self and ideal self is called:

  • Incongruence (correct)
  • Disorganization
  • Congruence
  • Anxiety

Which need in Maslow's hierarchy is the only one that can be completely or overly satisfied?

<p>Physiological (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for needs that represent the ultimate level of Maslow's hierarchy, such as truth, beauty, and unity?

<p>B-values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the highest level of needs according to Maslow?

<p>Self-actualization Needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait involves being curious and creative?

<p>Openness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'basic tendencies' refer to in McCrae & Costa's model?

<p>Innate traits and potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high neuroticism indicate in a person?

<p>Anxiousness and vulnerability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disposition dominates a person's life and cannot be hidden?

<p>Cardinal Disposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the central core of personality, according to Allport?

<p>Proprium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of trait is shared by many people in a culture?

<p>Common Traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality dimension is bipolar, ranging from neuroticism to stability?

<p>Neuroticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main biological explanation for the differences in extraversion and introversion?

<p>Cortical arousal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personality dimension describes traits like egocentricity and aggression?

<p>Psychoticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are psychogenic needs in Murray's theory?

<p>Emotional and psychological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes environmental factors influencing behavior in Murray's theory?

<p>Alpha Press (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Dasein' in May's theory represent?

<p>Interconnectedness of self and environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'normal anxiety' in existential psychology?

<p>Constructive uneasiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a psychological mechanism in Buss's theory?

<p>An internal trait solving survival problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to traits resulting from adaptations but with no functional purpose?

<p>By-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Formative Tendency

A tendency responsible for humans evolving to greater complexity, leading to more intricate and advanced biological systems.

Maintenance Tendency

The motivation that drives organisms to maintain their basic needs for survival, such as hunger, thirst, and safety.

Incongruence

The gap between a person's ideal self and their actual self, where there's a mismatch between who they want to be and who they currently are.

Physiological Needs

The only need in Maslow's hierarchy that can be fully satisfied, as it's a basic human need.

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Physiological Needs

The most basic and fundamental level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy, encompassing survival needs such as food, water, and shelter.

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Esteem Needs

A need in Maslow's hierarchy that's only partially fulfilled, as it involves achieving a sense of accomplishment and confidence about oneself.

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Self-Actualization Needs

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy, representing the ultimate state of self-actualization, where a person fully realizes their potential and lives a meaningful life.

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B-values

A term used in Maslow's hierarchy to describe the ultimate level of needs, representing values like truth, beauty, and unity.

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Basic Tendencies

The innate traits and potentials that form the foundation of a person's personality, as described by McCrae & Costa.

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Openness

A personality trait characterized by being curious, creative, and open to new experiences.

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Neuroticism

A personality trait marked by emotional instability, anxiety, and vulnerability.

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Cardinal Disposition

A primary disposition or trait that dominates a person's life and cannot be hidden.

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Proprium

The central core of a person's personality that encompasses their core values and motivations, as described by Allport.

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Common Traits

Traits shared by many people in a particular culture, representing common values and experiences.

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Psychoticism

A personality dimension characterized by traits like egocentricity and aggression, as described by Eysenck.

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Cortical Arousal Levels

The main biological explanation for the differences in extraversion and introversion, suggesting variations in cortical arousal levels.

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Psychogenic Needs

Needs rooted in emotional and psychological motives, as described by Murray, representing desires for affiliation, achievement, and power.

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Alpha Press

A term in Murray's theory that represents environmental forces influencing behavior, including objective circumstances and social expectations.

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Dasein

A connection between the self and its environment, a sense of being rooted in the world, as described by May.

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Normal Anxiety

A constructive type of anxiety that motivates personal growth and self-reflection, as described by May.

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Psychological Mechanisms

Internal traits designed to solve survival problems and ensure reproductive success, as described by Buss.

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By-products

Traits resulting from adaptations but with no functional purpose, as described by Buss.

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Biologically Based Factor Theory

The primary explanation for individual differences in personality, suggests that genetics play a significant role in shaping personality.

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Functional Autonomy

The idea that psychological needs are not merely driven by basic needs, but are influenced by learned behaviors and experiences.

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Traits and Personology Theory

The idea that personality is a dynamic process of interacting needs and environmental pressures, as described by Murray.

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Psychology of the Individual

The idea that personality is shaped by an individual's unique experiences and interpretation of the world, as described by Allport.

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Existential Psychology

The idea that personality is defined by an individual's sense of being and existence in the world, as described by May.

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Evolutionary Theory of Personality

The idea that personality is shaped by evolutionary factors that promote survival and reproduction, as described by Buss.

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Secondary Disposition

A type of disposition that is less central to a person's personality and is more likely to be influenced by specific situations.

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Central Disposition

Central traits that describe a person's core personality, representing characteristics that are most evident in their behavior.

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Normal Anxiety

A conscious state of uneasiness and fear arising from the awareness of one's own existence, as described by May.

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Study Notes

Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

  • Actualizing Tendency: Drives humans to greater complexity and fulfillment.
  • Maintenance Tendency: Motivates organisms to maintain basic needs.
  • Formative Tendency: Drives humans to evolve.
  • Incongruence: Gap between the real self and ideal self.

Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory

  • Physiological Needs: Basic needs for survival, like air, water, sleep. Only need that can be completely satisfied.
  • Meta-pathology: A state of illness or dysfunction arising from a lack of self-actualization.
  • B-values: Ultimate level of Maslow's hierarchy; representing universal principles such as truth, justice, and beauty.
  • Self-actualization Needs: Highest level of needs, characterized by realizing one's potential.

McCrae & Costa: Five-Factor Model of Personality

  • Openness: Personality trait including curiosity, creativity.
  • Neuroticism: Dimension ranging from emotional stability to vulnerability and anxiety.
  • Basic Tendencies: Innate traits and potentials.

Allport: Psychology of the Individual

  • Cardinal Disposition: Dominates a person's life, difficult to hide.
  • Common Traits: Traits shared by many people in culture.
  • Proprium: Central core of personality according to Allport.

Eysenck: Biologically Based Factor Theory

  • Neuroticism: Bipolar dimension ranging from stability to emotional vulnerability.
  • Psychoticism: Dimension describing egocentricity, aggression.
  • Cortical Arousal Levels: Bio-psychological explanation for extraversion and introversion.

Murray's Traits and Personology Theory

  • Psychogenic needs: Emotional and psychological needs.
  • Alpha Press: Environmental factors influencing behavior.

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Description

This quiz covers key theories of personality including Rogers' Person-Centered Theory, Maslow's Holistic-Dynamic Theory, and the Five-Factor Model by McCrae and Costa. Test your understanding of concepts such as actualizing tendency, self-actualization needs, and personality traits. Perfect for psychology students seeking to deepen their knowledge of personality development.

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