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What is the primary purpose of testing a theory in psychology?
In the court judge experiment, what factor significantly influenced the judges' decisions regarding bail amounts?
Which of the following is an example of operationalizing in research?
What was the main finding of the Williams and Bargh (2008) study regarding physical warmth?
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What is a potential issue when drawing conclusions from data analysis in research?
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In research methodology, what is a key step after collecting data?
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How might social ostracism impact the performance of participants in a task?
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What theoretical link is explored in the study regarding moral purity and physical cleansing?
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What does the person-situation debate primarily focus on?
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Which decade highlighted the perspective that personality is the dominant factor in determining behavior?
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What is the 'personality paradox'?
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How do comprehensive theories of personality approach the study of individuals?
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Which aspect does the study of personality and psychopathology focus on?
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What aspect of personality development does the nature vs nurture debate address?
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Which component is NOT typically considered a factor in personality development?
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What is one key implication of personality research in therapy?
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What was the hypothesis regarding container size and popcorn consumption?
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What measurement was used to operationalize actual consumption in the study?
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What design was used to test the relationship between container size and consumption?
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What was one of the key conclusions drawn from the popcorn consumption experiment?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of experimental designs as mentioned?
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In the context of the study, what implication does larger container size have for healthy food consumption?
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What is a characteristic feature of between-subjects designs mentioned in the content?
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Which statement best describes the results of the popcorn study?
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What was the emphasis in the analysis phase of the popcorn consumption study?
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What does the term 'addictive personality' refer to?
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What was one of the findings of Gendreu & Gendreu's 1970 research?
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Which personality traits were found to be associated with alcohol addiction according to Zilberman et al. (2018)?
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According to the content, which factor is relevant when examining gambling addiction?
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What did Terracciano & Costa (2004) find in their study about personality and smoking?
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What aspect was highlighted by the concept of an 'addictive personality' being problematic?
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Which personality traits were identified as common factors in both drug use and compulsive sexual behavior?
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What significant problem arises from categorizing individuals based on an 'addictive personality'?
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In Dash et al. (2019), what was notable about the comorbidity rates found in the study?
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What was the primary finding of Diener et al. (2010) regarding psychological needs?
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What does the meta-analysis by Yu et al. (2018) suggest about autonomy in relation to subjective well-being?
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What did Dominguez et al. (2013) find regarding children's vegetable intake?
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In terms of performance prediction, which type of motivation is indicated to be more effective according to the provided content?
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Which personality traits were identified as the most important predictors of subjective well-being according to DeNeve & Cooper (1998)?
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How does intrinsic motivation compare to extrinsic motivation in predicting performance in various domains?
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What did the research suggest about the relationship between autonomy and subjective well-being across cultures?
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In which context is intrinsic motivation noted to be a medium to strong predictor of performance?
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Which psychological concept explains processes that individuals are unaware of but influence their behaviors and thoughts?
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What does ethnocentrism in psychological research imply regarding theories of personality?
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Which of the following is a primary focus of current psychodynamic theories?
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In the context of personality types, what does the term 'superego' refer to?
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How do remote behavior sampling methods contribute to personality research?
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What does the hypothesis in the within-subjects experiment suggest about the relationship between topic importance and publication rates?
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In the context of the within-subjects experiment, what was the independent variable (IV)?
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What method was used to analyze the data in the within-subjects experiment?
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What factor was counterbalanced to avoid order effects in the within-subjects experiment?
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What conclusion was drawn from the results of the within-subjects experiment?
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In the context of Wansink & Kim's (2005) study, what relationship is being investigated?
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What common outcome can be anticipated from studies that focus on important topics, as indicated by the findings?
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Which variable was considered the dependent variable (DV) in the within-subjects experiment?
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Which group was considered to be in the high stress condition in the study?
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What method was used to operationalize magical thinking in the research?
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Which statement accurately reflects a limitation of quasi-experimental designs?
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What is a key characteristic of the research question regarding regional disease prevalence?
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What is a potential advantage of conducting research in high-stress environments?
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What was one of the primary outcomes measured in the study related to stress?
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In the analysis phase of the study, what did a higher rating on the questionnaire indicate?
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What might be inferred about the relationship between stress and magical thinking based on the study's hypothesis?
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What type of dreaming can occur prior to REM sleep yet still be vivid?
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What aspect of the dopamine pathway is indicated to have a strong link to dreaming?
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What was a significant consequence of lobotomies performed on schizophrenia patients between 1940-1975?
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According to neuropsychoanalysis, what is the effect of antipsychotic medications on dreaming?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the primary emotional systems identified in affective neuroscience?
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What does the lexical hypothesis propose regarding personality traits?
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What is a primary goal of the emerging field of neuropsychoanalysis?
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In the context of addiction and dreams, what is the biological drive frustration paradigm?
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Which type of traits identifies an individual's most dominant traits according to Allport's theory?
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What is likely affected when dopamine pathways are damaged?
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What personality traits are most commonly associated with substance use according to the findings of Zilberman et al. (2018)?
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What was a significant methodological issue identified in the early research on addiction-prone personality?
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According to Malouff et al. (2006), which personality trait is the strongest predictor of smoking behavior?
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What is a major criticism of the concept of an 'addictive personality'?
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In the studies conducted by Dash et al. (2019), what was the highest co-morbidity rate observed among participants?
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According to Zilberman et al. (2018), which characteristic is shared among individuals with gambling addictions?
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What factor alongside personality traits has been highlighted as relevant in gambling addiction?
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What was a significant outcome of Gendreu & Gendreu's (1970) investigation into addiction-prone personalities?
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What conclusion can be drawn from the meta-analysis conducted by Malouff et al. regarding smoking and personality?
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What prominent personality characteristic is indicated as common among individuals with compulsive sexual behaviors according to Zilberman et al. (2018)?
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Study Notes
Testing a Theory
- A general principle or set of principles that accounts for a group of empirical findings
- Different levels of complexity (e.g Terror Management Theory - drive to survive, terror of death vs lie detection)
- Court judge experiment - prostitute breaking the law, manipulated half of judges to write about mortality, control group did not. 9x higher bail for judges who wrote about morality, conservative judges have a worldview theory, punish the prostitute and set bail higher to protect themselves from existential morality.
- Used to derive predictions (e.g TMT: MS - bolstering world view)
Curiosity
- What % of people would obey an order to administer a lethal shock?
- Social ostracism effects on tasks
- 2 confederates, 1 naive: 3 would wait quietly, passed ball around. Cyberball vs ball toss
Demonstrating a Phenomenon
- Williams and Bargh (2008): Can experiences of physical warmth increase feelings of interpersonal warmth?
- S given a coffee cup vs iced coffee/hot vs cold ice pack, rated target person as having a warmer personality (study 1)
- Chose a gift for a friend instead of self (study 2)
Steps in the Research Process
- Research Q
- Generalise hypotheses (specific, directional predictions)
- Operationalise
- Measure: What?How?(e.g., how would you operationalise superstition)
- Who?(representative sample, generalisation)
- Design experiment/correlation study
- Collect data
- Analyse data
- Draw appropriate conclusions (overinterpreting; probs.With methods)
Between-subjects experiment
- Washing away your sins: Threatened morality & physical cleansing (Zhong)
- Link between physical cleansing and moral purification is explicit in many religions.
- The words clean and pure are commonly used in everyday language to describe physical and moral states.
- The emotion of disgust is experienced in both physical and moral domains.
Research Q
- Is there a link between moral purity and physical cleansing?
Hypothesis
- Washing hands increases feelings of moral purity
Operationalize
- Participants complete questionnaire containing moral transgressions
- After completion of the questionnaire, random assignment to one of two groups (control group and experimental group).
- Experimental group is asked to wash their hands, control group is not
- Participants complete a second questionnaire that contains a moral transgression and asked if they would be willing to do it.
Design experiment
- Participants are randomly assigned to one of two treatments (hand washing or control).
- The questionnaires are identical in both groups.
Collect Data
- Measure the results from both questionnaires (before and after)
Analyse Data
- Compare data from each group
Appropriate Conclusion
- People who washed their hands showed less willingness to engage in morally questionable behaviour.
Example 2: Quasi- Experiment designs
- Stress and Magical Thinking (Keinan, 1994)
- Magical thinking and superstition are a common feature of human cognition
- Stress affects cognitive functioning and might also increase magical thinking
Does Personality Predict Addiction?
- A specific personality configuration acting as a vulnerability/predisposing factor
- Increase developing multiple addiction, difficulty with withdrawal, turning to substitute addictions
Early Research on Substance Addiction
- 1950-1960: addiction-prone personality & psychological weaknesses
- Comparing addicts vs non-addicts
- Methodological issues (e.g. projective tests)
- Gendreu & Gendreu (1970)
- Investigated addiction prone personality & narcotics
- Found no difference b/w addicts and non-addicts on personality, SES, life history
Basic Finding:
- No single set of personality characteristics that account for all addictions
- Problems with the concept:
- Homogenising - simplistic
- False categorising & hopelessness
- False assurance
Personality & Substance Use
- Terracciano & Costa (2004); FFM & smoking
- Cross-sectional study; self-report
- Compared never, former, current smokers
- Correlation with neuroticism
- Nicotine use & alcohol consumption
- Malouff et al (2006); meta-analysis
- High neuroticism
- Low agreeableness
- Low conscientiousness
- Malouff et al (2006); meta-analysis
Personality & Addiction
- Zilberman et al (2018): examining personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions
- Drugs, alcohol gambling & sex
- Alcohol: high on neuroticism & impulsivity; low on extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness
- Drug use & compulsive sexual behaviour: high on neuroticism & impulsivity; lowest on agreeableness and conscientiousness
- Gambling: High on neuroticism & impulsivity BUt socioeconomic factors also relevant ( higher income)
- High Neuroticism and impulsivity common factors
- Drugs, alcohol gambling & sex
- Dash et al (2019): examining personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions
- Alcohol, nicotine, cannabis , gambling disorder
- Twins and siblings
- Assessed bug 5: psychiatric interviews
- 54% met criteria for at least 1 diagnosis
High co/multi-morbidity
- Results: high neuroticism, low agreeableness and conscientiousness.
- Nicotine and cannabis: low extraversion
- Cannabis: high in openness
### Self-determination Theory
- Self-endorsed actions; behaviour in accord with values
- Self determination workplace items
### Wellbeing, Motivation & Performance
- SDT & Education, Organisational & human performance, psychotherapy/healthcare & adherence, Exercise & Physical activity motivation
- Meta-analysis: school, work , sport studies
- Intrinsic motivation medium to strong predictor of performance
- Intrinsic motivation predicts quality of performance
- Extrinsic predicts quantity of performance
Other Personality Variables & Subjective Wellbeing
- DeNeve & Cooper (1998): meta-analysis; 137 personality traits
- Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness
- Guiterrez et al (2005): E, N & O
- Anglim et al.
- Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness
Autonomy a Universal Need?
- Possible cultural differences or biases? Non-western cultures
- Yu et al.(2018): meta-analysis
- US, East Asian samples
- Moderate correlation b/w autonomy & subjective well-being
- No sig difference between studies conducted in the East & West
- Dominguez et al (2013)
- Pretesting with children to choose vegetables they didn't object too
- 3 conditions: DCC (discrete choice condition) CDCD - case several vegetable, NC - children were given vegetable
- Findings: providing choices increases children’s vegetable intake
Trait Approaches
- Gordon Allport (1897-1967) founded Personality psychology at Harvard Uni and introduced the idiographic vs nomothetic distinction
- Allport was interested in unique individuals and traits
- Cardinal (major- altruism), Central, Secondary traits (peripheral - characterised you but not major)
- Allport was interested in unique individuals and traits
- Traits are dispositions or tendencies to act in meaningfully consistent ways across time and situations
- Traits are stable and are considered to be more influenced by nature than nurture, however interactions between both exist
- The nomothetic approach treats traits as dimensions and uses a quantitative approach
Identifying Traits
- The lexical hypothesis: Traits can be identified through language
- Factor analysis is often used in this approach
Addictive Personality
-
Is there an ‘addictive personality’?
- An addictive personality is a predisposing factor that increases likelihood of developing addiction to substances or behaviors.
- These individuals may also display difficulties with withdrawal and a susceptibility to substitute addictions.
Early Research on Substance Addiction:
- Between the 1950s and 1960s research focused on identifying the "addiction-prone personality" and psychological weaknesses of individuals
- Research often compared addicts to non-addicts with methodological issues such as projective tests.
-
Gendreu & Gendreu (1970) investigated the addiction-prone personality and narcotics
- This research found no difference between addicts and non-addicts on personality, socio-economic status, or life history.
Basic Finding:
- There is no single set of personality characteristics that accounts for all addictions.
Problems with the concept of an 'Addictive Personality:'
- Homogenising: It simplifies the complexities of addiction.
- False Categorising and Hopelessness: It can lead to false categorisation and a sense of hopelessness for individuals.
- False Assurance: It gives a false sense of assurance that individuals are "immune" to addiction if they lack these purported 'addictive personality' traits.
Personality & Substance Use:
-
Terracciano & Costa (2004): Examined the Five Factor Model (FFM) and smoking.
- Conducted a cross-sectional study using self-report measures.
- Compared individuals who were never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers.
- Found a correlation between neuroticism and smoking.
-
Nicotine use & alcohol consumption:
-
Malouff et al (2006) conducted a meta-analysis and found modest relationships between personality and smoking.
- High neuroticism, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness were associated with smoking.
-
Malouff et al (2006) conducted a meta-analysis and found modest relationships between personality and smoking.
Personality & Addiction:
-
Zilberman et al (2018): Examined personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions.
- Identified the 'Big 5' personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) for individuals with different addictions such as: drugs, alcohol, gambling, and sex.
- Found that higher neuroticism and impulsivity were prevalent across all addiction types.
- Found that alcohol addiction was associated with high neuroticism and impulsivity, but low extraversion, agreeableness, and openness.
- Drug & compulsive sexual behaviour were also associated with high neuroticism and impulsivity, while being lowest on agreeableness and conscientiousness.
- Gambling addiction was linked to high neuroticism and impulsivity but socioeconomic factors, such as higher income, were also considered relevant.
-
Dash et al (2019): Examined personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions.
- Studied alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and gambling disorder using a twin and sibling design and psychiatric interviews.
- Found high rates of co-morbidity (multiple diagnoses) with substance use.
- Results revealed that high neuroticism, low agreeableness, and conscientiousness were present across all addiction types.
- Nicotine and cannabis were also associated with low extraversion, while Cannabis was associated with high openness.
Does personality predict addiction?
- While personality traits, like neuroticism and impulsivity, may be associated with a greater likelihood of developing addictions, they are not deterministic factors.
- Numerous other factors, such as genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and social context, play significant roles in determining addiction vulnerability.
- It's crucial to understand the complex interplay of these factors rather than solely focusing on personality as a predictor of addiction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various psychology theories and experiments. This quiz covers key concepts such as Terror Management Theory, social obedience, and the impact of physical warmth on interpersonal relationships. Explore fascinating research findings and their implications in the field of psychology.