Psychology Theories and Experiments Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of testing a theory in psychology?

  • To explore personal beliefs of researchers
  • To establish a general principle based on empirical findings (correct)
  • To conduct surveys for social research
  • To gather opinions from the public

    • In the court judge experiment, what factor significantly influenced the judges' decisions regarding bail amounts?

  • The defendant's history of crime
  • Manipulation of mortality awareness (correct)
  • The judges' gender
  • The judges' financial status

    • Which of the following is an example of operationalizing in research?

  • Designing the experiment structure
  • Writing the research question
  • Determining the sample size for a study
  • Defining how to measure the concept of superstition (correct)

    • What was the main finding of the Williams and Bargh (2008) study regarding physical warmth?

    <p>Physical warmth increased perceptions of personality warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue when drawing conclusions from data analysis in research?

    <p>Overinterpreting results without appropriate context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research methodology, what is a key step after collecting data?

    <p>Analyze the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might social ostracism impact the performance of participants in a task?

    <p>It may reduce motivation and task engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical link is explored in the study regarding moral purity and physical cleansing?

    <p>Physical cleansing is associated with increased moral purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the person-situation debate primarily focus on?

    <p>The interaction between individual characteristics and social contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decade highlighted the perspective that personality is the dominant factor in determining behavior?

    <p>1930s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'personality paradox'?

    <p>Personality remains consistent over time yet varies in different situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do comprehensive theories of personality approach the study of individuals?

    <p>By integrating various psychological domains to understand the whole person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does the study of personality and psychopathology focus on?

    <p>The relationship between disorders and personality development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality development does the nature vs nurture debate address?

    <p>The role of genetics versus environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically considered a factor in personality development?

    <p>Financial status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key implication of personality research in therapy?

    <p>Understanding personality aids in recognizing healthy functioning and needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the hypothesis regarding container size and popcorn consumption?

    <p>Larger container size will increase intake of fresh and stale popcorn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement was used to operationalize actual consumption in the study?

    <p>Weight of popcorn written on the container's bottom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What design was used to test the relationship between container size and consumption?

    <p>Factorial design with random assignment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key conclusions drawn from the popcorn consumption experiment?

    <p>Container size significantly influenced consumption of both fresh and stale popcorn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of experimental designs as mentioned?

    <p>Always use within-subjects factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the study, what implication does larger container size have for healthy food consumption?

    <p>It may encourage children to eat more less preferred healthy food like carrot sticks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of between-subjects designs mentioned in the content?

    <p>Participants are randomly assigned to different groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the results of the popcorn study?

    <p>Consumption increased with larger containers regardless of freshness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the emphasis in the analysis phase of the popcorn consumption study?

    <p>Comparing the weight of popcorn consumed between container sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'addictive personality' refer to?

    <p>A person who is more likely to become addicted to something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the findings of Gendreu & Gendreu's 1970 research?

    <p>There is no difference in personality traits between addicts and non-addicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality traits were found to be associated with alcohol addiction according to Zilberman et al. (2018)?

    <p>High neuroticism and impulsivity, low agreeableness and extraversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which factor is relevant when examining gambling addiction?

    <p>Socioeconomic factors alongside personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Terracciano & Costa (2004) find in their study about personality and smoking?

    <p>There is a correlation between high neuroticism and smoking behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect was highlighted by the concept of an 'addictive personality' being problematic?

    <p>It homogenizes different types of addictions into a single category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality traits were identified as common factors in both drug use and compulsive sexual behavior?

    <p>High neuroticism and impulsivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant problem arises from categorizing individuals based on an 'addictive personality'?

    <p>It can create false assurances and hopelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Dash et al. (2019), what was notable about the comorbidity rates found in the study?

    <p>54% met the criteria for at least one diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of Diener et al. (2010) regarding psychological needs?

    <p>Psychological need satisfaction correlates with better life and fewer negative experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the meta-analysis by Yu et al. (2018) suggest about autonomy in relation to subjective well-being?

    <p>There is a moderate correlation between autonomy and subjective well-being in both East and West.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dominguez et al. (2013) find regarding children's vegetable intake?

    <p>Providing choices enhances children's willingness to eat vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of performance prediction, which type of motivation is indicated to be more effective according to the provided content?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation predicts quality of performance over extrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality traits were identified as the most important predictors of subjective well-being according to DeNeve & Cooper (1998)?

    <p>Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intrinsic motivation compare to extrinsic motivation in predicting performance in various domains?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation better predicts the quality of performance than extrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the research suggest about the relationship between autonomy and subjective well-being across cultures?

    <p>Autonomy correlates moderately with subjective well-being regardless of cultural context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context is intrinsic motivation noted to be a medium to strong predictor of performance?

    <p>In various fields including education, work, and healthcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological concept explains processes that individuals are unaware of but influence their behaviors and thoughts?

    <p>Unconscious mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethnocentrism in psychological research imply regarding theories of personality?

    <p>Bias towards specific cultural contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary focus of current psychodynamic theories?

    <p>Unconscious processes affecting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of personality types, what does the term 'superego' refer to?

    <p>The moral and ethical aspects of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do remote behavior sampling methods contribute to personality research?

    <p>They provide constant situational context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hypothesis in the within-subjects experiment suggest about the relationship between topic importance and publication rates?

    <p>Higher importance increases the chance of publication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the within-subjects experiment, what was the independent variable (IV)?

    <p>The flawed brief descriptions of studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method was used to analyze the data in the within-subjects experiment?

    <p>Rating scales returned by participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor was counterbalanced to avoid order effects in the within-subjects experiment?

    <p>The types of flawed study topics presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion was drawn from the results of the within-subjects experiment?

    <p>Methodological flaws increase publication likelihood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Wansink & Kim's (2005) study, what relationship is being investigated?

    <p>The impact of portion size on food consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common outcome can be anticipated from studies that focus on important topics, as indicated by the findings?

    <p>Lower quality research due to biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variable was considered the dependent variable (DV) in the within-subjects experiment?

    <p>The publishability rating on a 9-point scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was considered to be in the high stress condition in the study?

    <p>Residents of cities frequently bombed during the Gulf War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method was used to operationalize magical thinking in the research?

    <p>Questionnaires filled out by participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a limitation of quasi-experimental designs?

    <p>They cannot establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the research question regarding regional disease prevalence?

    <p>It examines correlations between disease prevalence and personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of conducting research in high-stress environments?

    <p>It allows researchers to explore naturally occurring variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary outcomes measured in the study related to stress?

    <p>The level of magical thinking reported by participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the analysis phase of the study, what did a higher rating on the questionnaire indicate?

    <p>Greater likelihood of experiencing stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be inferred about the relationship between stress and magical thinking based on the study's hypothesis?

    <p>Stress results in an increase in magical thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dreaming can occur prior to REM sleep yet still be vivid?

    <p>Non-REM dreaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the dopamine pathway is indicated to have a strong link to dreaming?

    <p>It maintains dreaming even with REM sleep disruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of lobotomies performed on schizophrenia patients between 1940-1975?

    <p>Decreased ability to dream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to neuropsychoanalysis, what is the effect of antipsychotic medications on dreaming?

    <p>They can completely eliminate dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the primary emotional systems identified in affective neuroscience?

    <p>HAPPINESS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lexical hypothesis propose regarding personality traits?

    <p>Traits can be identified through language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of the emerging field of neuropsychoanalysis?

    <p>To synthesize psychoanalysis with neuroscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of addiction and dreams, what is the biological drive frustration paradigm?

    <p>It posits that drug addicts should dream of using substances under withdrawal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of traits identifies an individual's most dominant traits according to Allport's theory?

    <p>Cardinal traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely affected when dopamine pathways are damaged?

    <p>Reduced motivated behavior and dreaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality traits are most commonly associated with substance use according to the findings of Zilberman et al. (2018)?

    <p>High neuroticism and impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant methodological issue identified in the early research on addiction-prone personality?

    <p>Use of projective tests leading to unreliable results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Malouff et al. (2006), which personality trait is the strongest predictor of smoking behavior?

    <p>High neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of the concept of an 'addictive personality'?

    <p>It provides a false sense of security against addictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the studies conducted by Dash et al. (2019), what was the highest co-morbidity rate observed among participants?

    <p>54% meeting criteria for at least one diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Zilberman et al. (2018), which characteristic is shared among individuals with gambling addictions?

    <p>High neuroticism and impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor alongside personality traits has been highlighted as relevant in gambling addiction?

    <p>Higher income levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of Gendreu & Gendreu's (1970) investigation into addiction-prone personalities?

    <p>No differences were found in personality traits between addicts and non-addicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn from the meta-analysis conducted by Malouff et al. regarding smoking and personality?

    <p>Neuroticism and low agreeableness are linked to smoking habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prominent personality characteristic is indicated as common among individuals with compulsive sexual behaviors according to Zilberman et al. (2018)?

    <p>High impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Testing a Theory

    • A general principle or set of principles that accounts for a group of empirical findings
    • Different levels of complexity (e.g Terror Management Theory - drive to survive, terror of death vs lie detection)
    • Court judge experiment - prostitute breaking the law, manipulated half of judges to write about mortality, control group did not. 9x higher bail for judges who wrote about morality, conservative judges have a worldview theory, punish the prostitute and set bail higher to protect themselves from existential morality.
    • Used to derive predictions (e.g TMT: MS - bolstering world view)

    Curiosity

    • What % of people would obey an order to administer a lethal shock?
    • Social ostracism effects on tasks
    • 2 confederates, 1 naive: 3 would wait quietly, passed ball around. Cyberball vs ball toss

    Demonstrating a Phenomenon

    • Williams and Bargh (2008): Can experiences of physical warmth increase feelings of interpersonal warmth?
    • S given a coffee cup vs iced coffee/hot vs cold ice pack, rated target person as having a warmer personality (study 1)
    • Chose a gift for a friend instead of self (study 2)

    Steps in the Research Process

    • Research Q
    • Generalise hypotheses (specific, directional predictions)
    • Operationalise
      • Measure: What?How?(e.g., how would you operationalise superstition)
      • Who?(representative sample, generalisation)
    • Design experiment/correlation study
    • Collect data
    • Analyse data
    • Draw appropriate conclusions (overinterpreting; probs.With methods)

    Between-subjects experiment

    • Washing away your sins: Threatened morality & physical cleansing (Zhong)
    • Link between physical cleansing and moral purification is explicit in many religions.
    • The words clean and pure are commonly used in everyday language to describe physical and moral states.
    • The emotion of disgust is experienced in both physical and moral domains.

    Research Q

    • Is there a link between moral purity and physical cleansing?

    Hypothesis

    • Washing hands increases feelings of moral purity

    Operationalize

    • Participants complete questionnaire containing moral transgressions
    • After completion of the questionnaire, random assignment to one of two groups (control group and experimental group).
    • Experimental group is asked to wash their hands, control group is not
    • Participants complete a second questionnaire that contains a moral transgression and asked if they would be willing to do it.

    Design experiment

    • Participants are randomly assigned to one of two treatments (hand washing or control).
    • The questionnaires are identical in both groups.

    Collect Data

    • Measure the results from both questionnaires (before and after)

    Analyse Data

    • Compare data from each group

    Appropriate Conclusion

    • People who washed their hands showed less willingness to engage in morally questionable behaviour.

    Example 2: Quasi- Experiment designs

    • Stress and Magical Thinking (Keinan, 1994)
    • Magical thinking and superstition are a common feature of human cognition
    • Stress affects cognitive functioning and might also increase magical thinking

    Does Personality Predict Addiction?

    • A specific personality configuration acting as a vulnerability/predisposing factor
    • Increase developing multiple addiction, difficulty with withdrawal, turning to substitute addictions

    Early Research on Substance Addiction

    • 1950-1960: addiction-prone personality & psychological weaknesses
    • Comparing addicts vs non-addicts
    • Methodological issues (e.g. projective tests)
    • Gendreu & Gendreu (1970)
      • Investigated addiction prone personality & narcotics
      • Found no difference b/w addicts and non-addicts on personality, SES, life history

    Basic Finding:

    • No single set of personality characteristics that account for all addictions
    • Problems with the concept:
      • Homogenising - simplistic
      • False categorising & hopelessness
      • False assurance

    Personality & Substance Use

    • Terracciano & Costa (2004); FFM & smoking
      • Cross-sectional study; self-report
      • Compared never, former, current smokers
      • Correlation with neuroticism
    • Nicotine use & alcohol consumption
      • Malouff et al (2006); meta-analysis
        • High neuroticism
        • Low agreeableness
        • Low conscientiousness

    Personality & Addiction

    • Zilberman et al (2018): examining personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions
      • Drugs, alcohol gambling & sex
        • Alcohol: high on neuroticism & impulsivity; low on extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness
        • Drug use & compulsive sexual behaviour: high on neuroticism & impulsivity; lowest on agreeableness and conscientiousness
        • Gambling: High on neuroticism & impulsivity BUt socioeconomic factors also relevant ( higher income)
        • High Neuroticism and impulsivity common factors
    • Dash et al (2019): examining personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions
      • Alcohol, nicotine, cannabis , gambling disorder
      • Twins and siblings
      • Assessed bug 5: psychiatric interviews
      • 54% met criteria for at least 1 diagnosis

    High co/multi-morbidity

    • Results: high neuroticism, low agreeableness and conscientiousness.
      • Nicotine and cannabis: low extraversion
      • Cannabis: high in openness

    ### Self-determination Theory

    • Self-endorsed actions; behaviour in accord with values
    • Self determination workplace items

    ### Wellbeing, Motivation & Performance

    • SDT & Education, Organisational & human performance, psychotherapy/healthcare & adherence, Exercise & Physical activity motivation
    • Meta-analysis: school, work , sport studies
    • Intrinsic motivation medium to strong predictor of performance
    • Intrinsic motivation predicts quality of performance
    • Extrinsic predicts quantity of performance

    Other Personality Variables & Subjective Wellbeing

    • DeNeve & Cooper (1998): meta-analysis; 137 personality traits
      • Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness
        • Guiterrez et al (2005): E, N & O
        • Anglim et al.

    Autonomy a Universal Need?

    • Possible cultural differences or biases? Non-western cultures
    • Yu et al.(2018): meta-analysis
      • US, East Asian samples
      • Moderate correlation b/w autonomy & subjective well-being
      • No sig difference between studies conducted in the East & West
    • Dominguez et al (2013)
      • Pretesting with children to choose vegetables they didn't object too
      • 3 conditions: DCC (discrete choice condition) CDCD - case several vegetable, NC - children were given vegetable
      • Findings: providing choices increases children’s vegetable intake

    Trait Approaches

    • Gordon Allport (1897-1967) founded Personality psychology at Harvard Uni and introduced the idiographic vs nomothetic distinction
      • Allport was interested in unique individuals and traits
        • Cardinal (major- altruism), Central, Secondary traits (peripheral - characterised you but not major)
    • Traits are dispositions or tendencies to act in meaningfully consistent ways across time and situations
      • Traits are stable and are considered to be more influenced by nature than nurture, however interactions between both exist
    • The nomothetic approach treats traits as dimensions and uses a quantitative approach

    Identifying Traits

    • The lexical hypothesis: Traits can be identified through language
      • Factor analysis is often used in this approach

    Addictive Personality

    • Is there an ‘addictive personality’?
      • An addictive personality is a predisposing factor that increases likelihood of developing addiction to substances or behaviors.
      • These individuals may also display difficulties with withdrawal and a susceptibility to substitute addictions.

    Early Research on Substance Addiction:

    • Between the 1950s and 1960s research focused on identifying the "addiction-prone personality" and psychological weaknesses of individuals
      • Research often compared addicts to non-addicts with methodological issues such as projective tests.
    • Gendreu & Gendreu (1970) investigated the addiction-prone personality and narcotics
      • This research found no difference between addicts and non-addicts on personality, socio-economic status, or life history.

    Basic Finding:

    • There is no single set of personality characteristics that accounts for all addictions.

    Problems with the concept of an 'Addictive Personality:'

    • Homogenising: It simplifies the complexities of addiction.
    • False Categorising and Hopelessness: It can lead to false categorisation and a sense of hopelessness for individuals.
    • False Assurance: It gives a false sense of assurance that individuals are "immune" to addiction if they lack these purported 'addictive personality' traits.

    Personality & Substance Use:

    • Terracciano & Costa (2004): Examined the Five Factor Model (FFM) and smoking.

      • Conducted a cross-sectional study using self-report measures.
      • Compared individuals who were never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers.
      • Found a correlation between neuroticism and smoking.

    • Nicotine use & alcohol consumption:

      • Malouff et al (2006) conducted a meta-analysis and found modest relationships between personality and smoking.
        • High neuroticism, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness were associated with smoking.

    Personality & Addiction:

    • Zilberman et al (2018): Examined personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions.

      • Identified the 'Big 5' personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) for individuals with different addictions such as: drugs, alcohol, gambling, and sex.
      • Found that higher neuroticism and impulsivity were prevalent across all addiction types.
      • Found that alcohol addiction was associated with high neuroticism and impulsivity, but low extraversion, agreeableness, and openness.
      • Drug & compulsive sexual behaviour were also associated with high neuroticism and impulsivity, while being lowest on agreeableness and conscientiousness.
      • Gambling addiction was linked to high neuroticism and impulsivity but socioeconomic factors, such as higher income, were also considered relevant.

    • Dash et al (2019): Examined personality profiles of substance/behavioural addictions.

      • Studied alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and gambling disorder using a twin and sibling design and psychiatric interviews.
      • Found high rates of co-morbidity (multiple diagnoses) with substance use.
      • Results revealed that high neuroticism, low agreeableness, and conscientiousness were present across all addiction types.
      • Nicotine and cannabis were also associated with low extraversion, while Cannabis was associated with high openness.

    Does personality predict addiction?

    • While personality traits, like neuroticism and impulsivity, may be associated with a greater likelihood of developing addictions, they are not deterministic factors.
    • Numerous other factors, such as genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and social context, play significant roles in determining addiction vulnerability.
      • It's crucial to understand the complex interplay of these factors rather than solely focusing on personality as a predictor of addiction.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various psychology theories and experiments. This quiz covers key concepts such as Terror Management Theory, social obedience, and the impact of physical warmth on interpersonal relationships. Explore fascinating research findings and their implications in the field of psychology.

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