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Questions and Answers
What is the primary motivation behind the human need for self-esteem, according to Terror Management Theory?
What is the primary motivation behind the human need for self-esteem, according to Terror Management Theory?
- To develop a sense of autonomy from parental influence
- To maintain a sense of control over one's life
- To protect oneself from anxiety related to mortality (correct)
- To achieve a sense of belonging in a social group
According to the research, what is the outcome of increasing self-esteem in response to threatening stimuli?
According to the research, what is the outcome of increasing self-esteem in response to threatening stimuli?
- No significant change in anxiety or defensiveness
- Reduced anxiety and defensiveness (correct)
- Increased faith in one's worldview
- Increased anxiety and defensiveness
What is the term used to describe the awareness of one's own mortality?
What is the term used to describe the awareness of one's own mortality?
- Death anxiety
- Existential dread
- Life significance
- Mortality salience (correct)
According to TMT, what is the primary role of cultural worldviews?
According to TMT, what is the primary role of cultural worldviews?
What is the proposed link between self-esteem and protection from anxiety, according to TMT?
What is the proposed link between self-esteem and protection from anxiety, according to TMT?
What is the proposed link between parent's love and self-esteem, according to TMT?
What is the proposed link between parent's love and self-esteem, according to TMT?
What is the outcome of mortality salience, according to research?
What is the outcome of mortality salience, according to research?
What is the primary criticism of Terror Management Theory?
What is the primary criticism of Terror Management Theory?
What is an alternative explanation for the effects of mortality salience besides fear of death?
What is an alternative explanation for the effects of mortality salience besides fear of death?
What is the consequence of stigma on individuals and groups?
What is the consequence of stigma on individuals and groups?
What is an example of a coping strategy used by stigmatized individuals?
What is an example of a coping strategy used by stigmatized individuals?
What is the term for the idea that group identification can be an important source of support and protection?
What is the term for the idea that group identification can be an important source of support and protection?
What is the main assumption of Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)?
What is the main assumption of Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)?
What is an example of evidence supporting Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)?
What is an example of evidence supporting Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)?
What is a limitation of Sherif's classic field experiments?
What is a limitation of Sherif's classic field experiments?
What is a consequence of attributing negative outcomes to prejudice?
What is a consequence of attributing negative outcomes to prejudice?
What is a characteristic of stigma, as defined by Brown (2010)?
What is a characteristic of stigma, as defined by Brown (2010)?
What is an example of a group that can provide support and protection, according to the Social Cure?
What is an example of a group that can provide support and protection, according to the Social Cure?
What is a limitation of the studies on intergroup conflict?
What is a limitation of the studies on intergroup conflict?
What is a condition for reducing intergroup conflict according to the Contact Hypothesis?
What is a condition for reducing intergroup conflict according to the Contact Hypothesis?
What has been shown to reduce prejudice in addition to direct contact?
What has been shown to reduce prejudice in addition to direct contact?
What is a criticism of the Contact Hypothesis?
What is a criticism of the Contact Hypothesis?
What is a limitation of contact in reducing prejudice?
What is a limitation of contact in reducing prejudice?
What is the correlation between contact and reduced prejudice?
What is the correlation between contact and reduced prejudice?
What is a negative effect of contact?
What is a negative effect of contact?
What is a finding about the effectiveness of contact?
What is a finding about the effectiveness of contact?
What is a model that proposes a mechanism for reducing bias?
What is a model that proposes a mechanism for reducing bias?
What is a concern about the generalization of effects in contact?
What is a concern about the generalization of effects in contact?
What has been found to be more potent than positive contact?
What has been found to be more potent than positive contact?
What is the primary difference between genocide and mass killing?
What is the primary difference between genocide and mass killing?
What are the three major factors that contribute to genocide, according to Ervin Staub?
What are the three major factors that contribute to genocide, according to Ervin Staub?
What is the primary reason why people turn against an outgroup during difficult life conditions?
What is the primary reason why people turn against an outgroup during difficult life conditions?
What is the primary characteristic of cultural-societal characteristics that contribute to genocide?
What is the primary characteristic of cultural-societal characteristics that contribute to genocide?
What is the primary role of bystanders in genocide, according to the Holocaust?
What is the primary role of bystanders in genocide, according to the Holocaust?
What is the primary difference between internal and external bystanders?
What is the primary difference between internal and external bystanders?
What is the primary reason why the Nazis treated everyone badly in the concentration camps?
What is the primary reason why the Nazis treated everyone badly in the concentration camps?
What is the primary outcome of people harming others, according to Zimbardo's experiment?
What is the primary outcome of people harming others, according to Zimbardo's experiment?
What is the primary reason why people distance themselves from victims?
What is the primary reason why people distance themselves from victims?
What is the primary outcome of the continuum of destruction?
What is the primary outcome of the continuum of destruction?
What was the outcome of the German ally government's plan to deport Jews during the Holocaust?
What was the outcome of the German ally government's plan to deport Jews during the Holocaust?
What was the reaction of the population to the Nazi's anti-Jewish measures?
What was the reaction of the population to the Nazi's anti-Jewish measures?
What is the term used to describe the way people categorize the social world to simplify it?
What is the term used to describe the way people categorize the social world to simplify it?
What is the primary goal of social identity theory?
What is the primary goal of social identity theory?
What is the outcome of comparisons favoring the outgroup, according to social identity theory?
What is the outcome of comparisons favoring the outgroup, according to social identity theory?
What is the term used to describe the strategies used to maintain a positive social identity, according to social identity theory?
What is the term used to describe the strategies used to maintain a positive social identity, according to social identity theory?
What is the primary criticism of social identity theory?
What is the primary criticism of social identity theory?
What is the term used to describe the process of finding new comparison dimensions to enhance self-esteem, according to social identity theory?
What is the term used to describe the process of finding new comparison dimensions to enhance self-esteem, according to social identity theory?
What is the outcome of social mobility strategies, according to social identity theory?
What is the outcome of social mobility strategies, according to social identity theory?
What is the primary factor that influences the choice of self-esteem enhancement strategies, according to social identity theory?
What is the primary factor that influences the choice of self-esteem enhancement strategies, according to social identity theory?
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Study Notes
Terror Management Theory (TMT)
- Proposed by Solomon et al. (1991) to explain the human need for self-esteem
- Suggests that self-esteem protects individuals from anxiety, particularly death anxiety
- According to Becker, humans' intellectual abilities lead to awareness of vulnerability and inevitable death, causing potential debilitating anxiety
- To manage this anxiety, people often adopt cultural worldviews that provide a sense of meaning and order
- Self-esteem serves as a buffer against death anxiety, and its development in early childhood is influenced by interactions with parents
Research Supporting TMT
- Greenberg's study: increasing self-esteem reduces anxiety and defensiveness in response to threatening stimuli
- Study: mortality salience (MS) increases the need for faith in one's worldview
Criticisms of TMT
- Questioning the universality of fear of death as a motivating force
- Alternative explanations for MS effects, such as motives for uncertainty reduction, meaning, and belonging
- MS can lead to opposing effects
Stigma and Well-being
- Stigma: any characteristic that marks a person for social devaluation
- Consequences of stigma: negative experiences, including harmful comments, exclusion, and abuse
- Coping strategies: restricting comparisons to within-group members, disengaging from dimensions, and attributing negative outcomes to prejudice
- The Social Cure: group identification can be a source of support and reduce depression, increase control, and improve well-being
Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)
- Defined by Campbell: people's attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members reflect the objective interests of the ingroup
- Assumptions: coinciding interests lead to harmonious relations, conflicting interests lead to hostile relations
- Evidence supporting RCT: explains various conflicts, including economic competition and historical specificity of prejudice
- Criticisms and limitations: methodological issues, oversimplification of causes of intergroup conflict, and assumption of conflict as a zero-sum game
The Contact Hypothesis
- Proposed by Allport (1954): intergroup conflict can be reduced by bringing groups into contact under certain conditions
- Conditions: equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, support of authorities, and acquaintance or friendship potential
- Evidence supporting the Contact Hypothesis: early and recent studies, including meta-analysis, show reduced prejudice through contact
- Criticisms and limitations: assumption of reduced ignorance, generalization of effects, typicality of outgroup members, and negative contact
Genocide and the Holocaust
- Genocide: attempt to exterminate a group by creating conditions leading to its destruction
- Mass killing: killing group members without intention to eliminate the whole group
- Holocaust: 6 million Jews and 5 million others killed
- Factors contributing to genocide: difficult life conditions, certain cultural-societal characteristics, and a continuum of destruction
- Psychological consequences: threat to self-concept, disorganization, and anxiety
Social Identity Theory (SIT)
- Developed by Tajfel and Turner: explains intergroup behavior and discrimination
- Key assumptions: social categorization, formation of social identity, and inherent need to evaluate the self positively
- Evidence supporting SIT: studies show link between social identity and intergroup discrimination
- Criticisms and limitations: complex relationship between self-esteem and intergroup discrimination, alternative strategies, and context-dependent predictions
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