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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best illustrates the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in the development of schizophrenia?
Which of the following best illustrates the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in the development of schizophrenia?
Which of the following statements about DSM-5-TR is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about DSM-5-TR is TRUE?
Which research method is best suited to determine whether early childhood trauma increases the risk of developing mood disorders in adulthood?
Which research method is best suited to determine whether early childhood trauma increases the risk of developing mood disorders in adulthood?
What is a major limitation of using experimental research in psychopathology?
What is a major limitation of using experimental research in psychopathology?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is most directly implicated in the reinforcing effects of addictive substances?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is most directly implicated in the reinforcing effects of addictive substances?
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A 28-year-old man reports experiencing persistent intrusive thoughts about harming others, even though he has no desire to act on them. To manage his anxiety, he engages in repeated rituals such as counting in sets of five before leaving the house. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 28-year-old man reports experiencing persistent intrusive thoughts about harming others, even though he has no desire to act on them. To manage his anxiety, he engages in repeated rituals such as counting in sets of five before leaving the house. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which of the following symptoms would most clearly differentiate PTSD from panic disorder?
Which of the following symptoms would most clearly differentiate PTSD from panic disorder?
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Which of the following is a defining characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of borderline personality disorder?
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A patient with schizophrenia shows significant improvement when taking an antipsychotic medication, but also develops involuntary facial movements. Which of the following side effects is most likely responsible?
A patient with schizophrenia shows significant improvement when taking an antipsychotic medication, but also develops involuntary facial movements. Which of the following side effects is most likely responsible?
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Which of the following characteristics distinguishes bipolar I disorder from bipolar II disorder?
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes bipolar I disorder from bipolar II disorder?
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Which of the following findings best supports the hypothesis that major depressive disorder has a biological basis?
Which of the following findings best supports the hypothesis that major depressive disorder has a biological basis?
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Which of the following symptoms must be present to diagnose schizophrenia?
Which of the following symptoms must be present to diagnose schizophrenia?
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Which of the following is a primary feature of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
Which of the following is a primary feature of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
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A child with a history of multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) exhibits emotional dysregulation, difficulty forming attachments, and hypervigilance. Which disorder is most likely?
A child with a history of multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) exhibits emotional dysregulation, difficulty forming attachments, and hypervigilance. Which disorder is most likely?
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Which of the following therapeutic approaches would be most appropriate for a patient with PTSD who experiences extreme avoidance of trauma-related stimuli?
Which of the following therapeutic approaches would be most appropriate for a patient with PTSD who experiences extreme avoidance of trauma-related stimuli?
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The DSM-5-TR has completely abandoned categorical classification in favor of a dimensional model.
The DSM-5-TR has completely abandoned categorical classification in favor of a dimensional model.
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The presence of hallucinations alone is sufficient for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
The presence of hallucinations alone is sufficient for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) is designed to minimize the risk of re-traumatization in clinical settings.
Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) is designed to minimize the risk of re-traumatization in clinical settings.
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A high score on the ACEs questionnaire predicts inevitable mental health problems in adulthood.
A high score on the ACEs questionnaire predicts inevitable mental health problems in adulthood.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is primarily used for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is primarily used for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.
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Cultural factors influence how mental disorders are expressed and diagnosed.
Cultural factors influence how mental disorders are expressed and diagnosed.
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Schizophrenia is caused solely by environmental factors.
Schizophrenia is caused solely by environmental factors.
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by alternating multiple personalities with gaps in memory.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by alternating multiple personalities with gaps in memory.
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Exposure therapy is a widely used treatment for PTSD.
Exposure therapy is a widely used treatment for PTSD.
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Personality disorders are typically diagnosed in childhood.
Personality disorders are typically diagnosed in childhood.
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Preventing re-traumatization while collecting data is a primary ethical concern when conducting research on individuals with a history of trauma.
Preventing re-traumatization while collecting data is a primary ethical concern when conducting research on individuals with a history of trauma.
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Ethical research on trauma must ensure participants are not re-traumatized by study procedures.
Ethical research on trauma must ensure participants are not re-traumatized by study procedures.
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The expansion of diagnostic criteria in DSM-5-TR may contribute to over-diagnosis and medicalizing normal behaviors.
The expansion of diagnostic criteria in DSM-5-TR may contribute to over-diagnosis and medicalizing normal behaviors.
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The categorical model assumes people either have or don't have a disorder, failing to adequately account for symptom severity variations.
The categorical model assumes people either have or don't have a disorder, failing to adequately account for symptom severity variations.
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Having a stable and nurturing caregiver is an example of a Protective Childhood Experience (PCE).
Having a stable and nurturing caregiver is an example of a Protective Childhood Experience (PCE).
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The DSM-5-TR still uses categorical classification but integrates some dimensional elements.
The DSM-5-TR still uses categorical classification but integrates some dimensional elements.
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Schizophrenia requires at least two symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
Schizophrenia requires at least two symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
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Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) focuses on creating safe clinical environments to avoid re-traumatization.
Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) focuses on creating safe clinical environments to avoid re-traumatization.
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Not everyone with high ACE scores develops mental disorders- resilience and PCEs play a role in mitigating risks.
Not everyone with high ACE scores develops mental disorders- resilience and PCEs play a role in mitigating risks.
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ECT is used for severe, treatment-resistant depression, especially with suicidality.
ECT is used for severe, treatment-resistant depression, especially with suicidality.
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Culture impacts symptom expression (e.g., in some cultures, depression manifests as physical symptoms like pain rather than sadness).
Culture impacts symptom expression (e.g., in some cultures, depression manifests as physical symptoms like pain rather than sadness).
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Schizophrenia has both genetic and environmental influences (e.g., dopamine dysregulation + prenatal complications).
Schizophrenia has both genetic and environmental influences (e.g., dopamine dysregulation + prenatal complications).
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DID involves multiple identities and memory gaps between personality states.
DID involves multiple identities and memory gaps between personality states.
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Exposure therapy is the most effective treatment for PTSD, gradually confronting trauma-related triggers.
Exposure therapy is the most effective treatment for PTSD, gradually confronting trauma-related triggers.
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Personality disorders are diagnosed in adulthood, though traits often appear in adolescence.
Personality disorders are diagnosed in adulthood, though traits often appear in adolescence.
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Study Notes
Theoretical Knowledge & Research Methods - 30%
- Schizophrenia follows a diathesis-stress model, meaning that genetic vulnerability, stress, and environmental factors interact to influence the onset of the disorder.
- DSM-5-TR acknowledges the role of cultural factors in mental health diagnoses, incorporating cultural formulations to improve symptom diagnosis across diverse populations.
- Longitudinal studies are best suited to determine the long-term effects of trauma on mental health, enabling researchers to track participants over extended periods.
- Ethical constraints limit experimental research in a clinical setting, e.g., researchers cannot manipulate variables related to mental disorders ethically or safely.
- Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter directly linked to the reinforcing effects of addictive behaviors due to its role in the brain's reward system.
Clinical Application & Diagnosis - 40%
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) to relieve anxiety.
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by re-experiencing traumatic events, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and persistent negative thoughts.
- Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by unstable relationships, emotional dysregulation, and impulsivity.
- Schizophrenia involves hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech.
- Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder potentially linked to long-term use of antipsychotic medications.
- A major difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorder is that Bipolar I involves full manic episodes, whereas Bipolar II involves hypomania (less severe).
Critical Thinking & Ethics - 30%
- Ethical conduct in research involving trauma requires avoiding re-traumatization by implementing appropriate safeguards for participants.
- The categorical model of diagnosis in psychiatry assumes a binary presence/absence of a disorder, whereas the dimensional model of diagnosis more accurately accounts for symptom severity variations.
- Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) is specifically designed to create safe environments to minimize the risk of re-traumatization in clinical settings for those experiencing trauma or who have experienced trauma in the past.
- Studies using deception in research may be ethically sound or unsound, depending on the specific context.
- Mental health conditions are complex and a comprehensive overview of research is required to truly understand a patient's conditions.
True or False Questions
- DSM-5-TR still largely employs a categorical system for mental health diagnoses, though some dimensional elements are integrated.
- A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires at least two core symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
- Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) principles focus on constructing a safe clinical environment that prevents further retraumatization of participants and clients experiencing trauma when receiving care.
- Not everyone with a high ACE score will develop mental disorders, as resilience and Protective Childhood Experiences (PCEs) play a significant role in reducing risk.
- ECT is used mainly for severe treatment-resistant depression, particularly in cases involving suicidality.
- Schizophrenia is not simply caused by environmental factors, but is affected by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.
- Exposure therapy is an effective treatment for PTSD that aims to reduce avoidance responses and desensitize individuals to trauma triggers.
- Personality disorders often develop during adolescence but are typically diagnosed in adulthood.
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Description
Explore vital concepts in psychology, including the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia, the impact of cultural factors on mental health diagnoses, and the effectiveness of longitudinal studies. Understand the ethical constraints in clinical research and the role of dopamine in addiction. This quiz covers foundational knowledge necessary for advanced mental health studies.
