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According to William James, what is the body considered to be?
Sigmund Freud believed that the physical body is unimportant in the development of personality.
False
What is self-concept?
The perception and belief that an individual holds about oneself.
According to Erik Erikson, early developmental stages anchor experience in the ground-plan of the ______.
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Match the psychologists with their views on the physical self:
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How does self-concept typically change with age?
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Humanistic psychology focuses solely on mental illness and deficiencies.
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Eastern traditions, especially the Indian view, regard growth and enlightenment as a whole body ______.
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What is the physical expression of a particular trait called?
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Maturation refers to the inability to grow or develop genetically.
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What is heredity?
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The 23rd pair of chromosomes is known as the ______.
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Which factors influence an individual's perception of their physical self?
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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Physical beauty is solely determined by societal standards.
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Name one unhealthy habit that adolescents might adopt to achieve ideal body types.
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What is the highest potential a person can attain, according to Maslow?
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Self-esteem refers to the actual self-image a person perceives.
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What are the three parts of the self-concept according to Carl Rogers?
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs includes self-actualization, esteem needs, social needs, safety needs, and ________ needs.
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Match the following Maslow's need categories with their examples:
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What results when the real self is far from the ideal self?
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Carl Rogers believes that everyone is born with the desire to become their best self.
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Identify one example of physiological needs.
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Study Notes
The Physical Self
- The body is the tangible aspect of the person, directly observed and examined.
- William James saw the body as the source of sensation and crucial to personality.
- Sigmund Freud believed the physical body is central to human experience.
- Erik Erikson emphasized the importance of bodily organs in early development and physical/intellectual skills for later life competence.
- Carl Jung argued that the physical body and external world are only known through psychological experiences.
- B.F. Skinner considered the body as the primary focus, seeing personality and self as explanatory fictions.
- Eastern traditions, particularly Indian, emphasize the body's role in growth and enlightenment.
Self-Concept
- Self-concept is one's perception and belief about oneself.
- It is influenced by interactions and experiences, becoming more stable with age.
- Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth, strengths, and quality of life, contributing to a well-developed self-concept.
- Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs focuses on self-actualization as the highest potential, achieved by self-acceptance.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-actualization needs: self-fulfillment, growth, understanding, beauty, morality, transcendence, exploration, play.
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Esteem needs: positive self-evaluation, dignity, achievement, mastery, competence, independence, reputation, prestige.
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Social needs: giving and receiving affection, intimacy, friendship, tenderness, affiliation, love, belongingness.
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Safety needs: security, stability, predictability, protection, freedom from fear, structure, order, law, limits.
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Physiological needs: nutrition, water, air, sleep, shelter, clothing (temperature control), reproduction.
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Carl Rogers proposed three parts to the self-concept: self-image, self-esteem, and the ideal self.
Self-Image
- This is the mental picture of oneself, encompassing traits like intelligence, attractiveness, or weight.
Self-Esteem
- This reflects feelings about oneself based on achievements, abilities, and self-worth.
Ideal Self
- This is the self one aspires to be, shaped by experiences, societal expectations, and role models.
- A large discrepancy between the real self and ideal self can lead to dissatisfaction and feelings of failure.
Factors that Shape the Physical Self
- Heredity, environment, and achieving physical well-being are key factors.
Heredity
- Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
- Genotype is genetic information, not all of which is expressed physically.
- Phenotype is the physical expression of a trait.
- 23 pairs of chromosomes determine the sex of an individual.
- DNA contains genetic instructions for development.
- Maturation is the unfolding of inherent traits or potential.
Environmental Conditioning
- Social networks, societal expectations, and cultural practices influence physical self-concept.
- Family plays a crucial role in early development.
- Wider social groups expose individuals to new standards and practices.
- Media often portrays specific body types as ideal, influencing adolescents.
- Unhealthy habits can arise in the pursuit of ideal body types.
Achieving Physical Well-being
- Healthy eating habits promote skin health, ideal weight, and stamina.
- Adopting a healthy lifestyle is essential.
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Description
This quiz explores the interplay between the physical self and self-concept through various psychological theories. It encompasses perspectives from notable psychologists such as William James, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson. Test your understanding of how the body influences personality and the development of self-perception.
