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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the scale that considers the effect of 43 different major life stressors and offers a hypothesis about the relative risk for stress-related illness?
What is the name of the scale that considers the effect of 43 different major life stressors and offers a hypothesis about the relative risk for stress-related illness?
Which of the following is an example of a catastrophic event?
Which of the following is an example of a catastrophic event?
What is the primary reason why daily hassles are considered by many psychologists to be the most significant form of stress?
What is the primary reason why daily hassles are considered by many psychologists to be the most significant form of stress?
Which of the following is an example of an ambient stressor?
Which of the following is an example of an ambient stressor?
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What is the term used to describe the actual threat or perceived challenge that we're experiencing?
What is the term used to describe the actual threat or perceived challenge that we're experiencing?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a significant life change?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a significant life change?
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What is the key factor that contributes to the compounding effects of daily stressors for marginalized groups?
What is the key factor that contributes to the compounding effects of daily stressors for marginalized groups?
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What is the outcome that was correlated with Hurricane Katrina four months later?
What is the outcome that was correlated with Hurricane Katrina four months later?
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What is the main difference between significant life changes and catastrophic events?
What is the main difference between significant life changes and catastrophic events?
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Which type of stressor is often related to socioeconomic status?
Which type of stressor is often related to socioeconomic status?
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What is the characteristic of ambient stressors that makes them difficult to control?
What is the characteristic of ambient stressors that makes them difficult to control?
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Why are daily hassles considered the most significant form of stress?
Why are daily hassles considered the most significant form of stress?
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What is the primary impact of catastrophic events on mental health?
What is the primary impact of catastrophic events on mental health?
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How do marginalized groups experience daily stressors?
How do marginalized groups experience daily stressors?
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Which type of stressor is commonly experienced by marginalized groups in a compounded manner?
Which type of stressor is commonly experienced by marginalized groups in a compounded manner?
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What is the primary characteristic that defines catastrophic events as a type of stressor?
What is the primary characteristic that defines catastrophic events as a type of stressor?
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What is the name of the scale that measures the impact of significant life changes on stress-related illness?
What is the name of the scale that measures the impact of significant life changes on stress-related illness?
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Which of the following is an example of a stressor that can negatively impact mental health without conscious awareness?
Which of the following is an example of a stressor that can negatively impact mental health without conscious awareness?
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What is the primary reason why stressors are categorized into different types?
What is the primary reason why stressors are categorized into different types?
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Which type of stressor is often related to socioeconomic factors, such as income and employment?
Which type of stressor is often related to socioeconomic factors, such as income and employment?
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What is the primary function of the Resistance Phase in the General Adaptation Syndrome?
What is the primary function of the Resistance Phase in the General Adaptation Syndrome?
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What is the consequence of prolonged stress on the body's resources?
What is the consequence of prolonged stress on the body's resources?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Exhaustion Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Exhaustion Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
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What is the primary difference between the body's response to short-term stress and chronic stress?
What is the primary difference between the body's response to short-term stress and chronic stress?
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What is the outcome of chronic stress on the body's tissues and muscles?
What is the outcome of chronic stress on the body's tissues and muscles?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in the context of the Fight or Flight Response?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in the context of the Fight or Flight Response?
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Which hormone is involved in the redistribution of glucose energy and suppression of the immune system during the Fight or Flight Response?
Which hormone is involved in the redistribution of glucose energy and suppression of the immune system during the Fight or Flight Response?
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What is the primary difference between the Fight or Flight Response and the Tend and Befriend Response?
What is the primary difference between the Fight or Flight Response and the Tend and Befriend Response?
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What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the Fight or Flight Response?
What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the Fight or Flight Response?
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What is the term used to describe the body's ability to maintain internal stability in response to environmental changes?
What is the term used to describe the body's ability to maintain internal stability in response to environmental changes?
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Which system is responsible for initiating the Fight or Flight Response?
Which system is responsible for initiating the Fight or Flight Response?
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What is the primary effect of peripheral vasoconstriction during the Fight or Flight Response?
What is the primary effect of peripheral vasoconstriction during the Fight or Flight Response?
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What is the role of oxytocin in the Tend and Befriend Response?
What is the role of oxytocin in the Tend and Befriend Response?
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Study Notes
Stressors
- Stressors refer to the actual threat or perceived challenge that we're experiencing
- Psychologists have categorized stressors into four major categories:
Significant Life Changes
- Represent significant personal life changes, such as:
- Death of a loved one
- Loss of a job
- Leaving home for the first time to go to college
- Marriage
- Divorce
- Having children
- The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale considers the effect of 43 different major life stressors and offers a hypothesis about the relative risk for stress-related illness
Catastrophic Events
- Unpredictable, large-scale events that nearly everyone appraises as threatening, such as:
- War
- Natural disasters (e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes)
- Community disasters
- Example: Hurricane Katrina was correlated with nearly a tripled suicide rate for New Orleans four months later
Daily Hassles
- Seemingly minor negative events of daily life, such as:
- Aggravating roommates
- Long store lines
- Forgetting car keys
- Email spam
- Finding dog poop on your carpet
- Can be related to socioeconomic status (e.g. inadequate income or unemployment)
- Examples for marginalized groups (e.g. racism) can compound the effects of daily stressors
- Daily hassles are considered by many psychologists to be the most significant form of stress
Ambient Stressors
- Global, physically perceivable but not urgent, and hard to control
- Examples include:
- Pollution
- Noise
- Crowding
- Can negatively impact us without us even being consciously aware of their existence
Stressors
- Stressors are actual threats or perceived challenges that individuals experience.
Categories of Stressors
- Psychologists have categorized stressors into four major categories: Significant Life Changes, Catastrophic Events, Daily Hassles, and Ambient Stressors.
Significant Life Changes
- Represent significant personal life changes that can cause stress.
- Examples include:
- Death of a loved one
- Loss of a job
- Leaving home for the first time to go to college
- Marriage
- Divorce
- Having children
- The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale considers the effect of 43 major life stressors and their relative risk for stress-related illness.
Catastrophic Events
- Unpredictable, large-scale events that are perceived as threatening.
- Examples include:
- War
- Natural disasters (e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes)
- Community disasters
- Example: Hurricane Katrina was correlated with a nearly tripled suicide rate for New Orleans four months later.
Daily Hassles
- Seemingly minor negative events of daily life that can cause stress.
- Examples include:
- Aggravating roommates
- Long store lines
- Forgetting car keys
- Email spam
- Finding dog poop on your carpet
- Daily hassles can be related to socioeconomic status (e.g. inadequate income or unemployment).
- Examples for marginalized groups (e.g. racism) can compound the effects of daily stressors.
- Daily hassles are considered the most significant form of stress by many psychologists.
Ambient Stressors
- Global, physically perceivable but not urgent, and hard to control.
- Examples include:
- Pollution
- Noise
- Crowding
- Ambient stressors can negatively impact individuals without them being consciously aware of their existence.
Stressors
- Stressors are actual threats or perceived challenges that individuals experience.
Categories of Stressors
- Psychologists have categorized stressors into four major categories: Significant Life Changes, Catastrophic Events, Daily Hassles, and Ambient Stressors.
Significant Life Changes
- Represent significant personal life changes that can cause stress.
- Examples include:
- Death of a loved one
- Loss of a job
- Leaving home for the first time to go to college
- Marriage
- Divorce
- Having children
- The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale considers the effect of 43 major life stressors and their relative risk for stress-related illness.
Catastrophic Events
- Unpredictable, large-scale events that are perceived as threatening.
- Examples include:
- War
- Natural disasters (e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes)
- Community disasters
- Example: Hurricane Katrina was correlated with a nearly tripled suicide rate for New Orleans four months later.
Daily Hassles
- Seemingly minor negative events of daily life that can cause stress.
- Examples include:
- Aggravating roommates
- Long store lines
- Forgetting car keys
- Email spam
- Finding dog poop on your carpet
- Daily hassles can be related to socioeconomic status (e.g. inadequate income or unemployment).
- Examples for marginalized groups (e.g. racism) can compound the effects of daily stressors.
- Daily hassles are considered the most significant form of stress by many psychologists.
Ambient Stressors
- Global, physically perceivable but not urgent, and hard to control.
- Examples include:
- Pollution
- Noise
- Crowding
- Ambient stressors can negatively impact individuals without them being consciously aware of their existence.
Stressors
- Stressors are actual threats or perceived challenges that individuals experience.
Categories of Stressors
- Psychologists have categorized stressors into four major categories: Significant Life Changes, Catastrophic Events, Daily Hassles, and Ambient Stressors.
Significant Life Changes
- Represent significant personal life changes that can cause stress.
- Examples include:
- Death of a loved one
- Loss of a job
- Leaving home for the first time to go to college
- Marriage
- Divorce
- Having children
- The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale considers the effect of 43 major life stressors and their relative risk for stress-related illness.
Catastrophic Events
- Unpredictable, large-scale events that are perceived as threatening.
- Examples include:
- War
- Natural disasters (e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes)
- Community disasters
- Example: Hurricane Katrina was correlated with a nearly tripled suicide rate for New Orleans four months later.
Daily Hassles
- Seemingly minor negative events of daily life that can cause stress.
- Examples include:
- Aggravating roommates
- Long store lines
- Forgetting car keys
- Email spam
- Finding dog poop on your carpet
- Daily hassles can be related to socioeconomic status (e.g. inadequate income or unemployment).
- Examples for marginalized groups (e.g. racism) can compound the effects of daily stressors.
- Daily hassles are considered the most significant form of stress by many psychologists.
Ambient Stressors
- Global, physically perceivable but not urgent, and hard to control.
- Examples include:
- Pollution
- Noise
- Crowding
- Ambient stressors can negatively impact individuals without them being consciously aware of their existence.
Homeostasis and Stress Response
- Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain internal stability in response to environmental changes.
- Walter Cannon coined the term "Fight or Flight Response" to describe the body's response to stressors.
Fight or Flight Response
- The Fight or Flight Response is a homeostatic response to threats or dangers, preparing the body to either fight or flee.
- This response involves the nervous system and endocrine system.
- The sympathetic nervous system initiates the Fight or Flight Response.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions, including the sympathetic nervous system.
- The response causes:
- Increased heart rate to pump blood with oxygen and nutrients.
- Increased respirations to intake oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
- Peripheral vasoconstriction to direct blood to the core and vital organs.
- Shutdown of non-essential functions, such as digestion and immune function.
Endocrine System's Role in Fight or Flight Response
- The endocrine system supplies hormones that support the sympathetic nervous system.
- The adrenal glands produce hormones that contribute to the Fight or Flight Response.
- The adrenal medulla produces catecholamine hormones, including epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, including cortisol.
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate and blood pressure.
- Cortisol redistributes glucose energy and suppresses the immune system.
Tend and Befriend Response
- The Tend and Befriend Response is an alternative response to stress, characterized by affiliative behavior and social support.
- Oxytocin moderates the stress response and is involved in the Tend and Befriend Response.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Hans Selye's research built upon Cannon's work and led to the concept of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
- GAS describes the body's adaptive response to stress, consisting of three phases:
- Alarm Phase: initial stress response, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and resource mobilization.
- Resistance Phase: the body attempts to fight or flee, with elevated temperature, blood pressure, and breathing rate, and increased stress hormone production.
- Exhaustion Phase: prolonged stress leads to depleted resources, damage to tissues and muscles, and increased susceptibility to illness.
Consequences of Chronic Stress
- Chronic stress can have damaging effects on the body, including tissue damage, muscle damage, and impaired immunity.
- The body is equipped to handle short-term stress, but prolonged exposure to stress can lead to exhaustion and negative consequences.
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Description
Learn about the different types of stressors, including significant life changes, and how they impact our well-being. Explore the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale and its effects on mental health.
