Psychology: Stress Response and Allostatic Load
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Questions and Answers

What does the Life Events Scale for Students measure?

  • The occurrence of physical illness
  • The number of stress situations checked by students (correct)
  • The appraisal of the environmental situation by students
  • The degree of stress perceived by students

    • What is Lazarus's view on stress?

  • Stress is a one-time event
  • Stress is a static concept
  • Stress is only related to physical illness
  • Stress is a transactional, dynamic complex (correct)

    • What does the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) emphasize?

  • The appraisal of the environmental situation
  • The perception of events rather than the events themselves (correct)
  • The occurrence of physical illness
  • The number of stress situations

    • What is the purpose of the assessment at the beginning of the chapter?

    <p>To check the health risks of college students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the discussion, what is true about college students who check more stress situations?

    <p>They tend to use health services more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the original Hassles Scale consist of?

    <p>117 items about annoying, irritating, or frustrating situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Lazarus and his associates insist that self-report scales must be able to assess?

    <p>Subjective elements such as personal appraisal, beliefs, goals, and commitments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many items does the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) have?

    <p>14 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that refers to the body's maintenance of an appropriate level of activation under changing circumstances?

    <p>Allostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system's activation during emergencies?

    <p>To meet the needs of the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is epinephrine?

    <p>A type of hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of short-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>It confers a number of health benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in maintaining allostasis?

    <p>To adjust to normal demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine and neurotransmitters?

    <p>Their speed and duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the amount of epinephrine secreted be determined?

    <p>By assaying a person's urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between epinephrine and the adrenomedullary stress response?

    <p>Epinephrine is sometimes used as an index of the adrenomedullary stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who defined stress as a “particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being”?

    <p>Lazarus and Folkman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major criticism of Selye's view of stress?

    <p>It ignores the situational and psychological factors that contribute to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do situational and psychological factors include?

    <p>The emotional component and a person's interpretation of stressful events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of a person's appraisal of the psychological situation in Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress?

    <p>It influences the relationship between the person and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a person appraising a situation as threatening, challenging, or harmful?

    <p>The person experiences an increase in stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Selye's view of stress?

    <p>The physical response to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress?

    <p>It provides a more comprehensive view of stress that includes the interactional view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with formulating an alternative model of stress that is more widely accepted among psychologists?

    <p>Lazarus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of natural disasters on people?

    <p>Symptoms of depression and PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between natural disasters and intentional acts?

    <p>Their intentional or unintentional nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research, what happens to stress associated with intentional acts over time?

    <p>It varies greatly between individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can exacerbate symptoms of depression and PTSD after a disaster?

    <p>Proximity to the destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cataclysmic events?

    <p>They are sudden and without warning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common response required after a cataclysmic event?

    <p>Adaptive responses from large numbers of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers find about the stress associated with the 9/11 attacks?

    <p>It continued to affect people years later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that moderates the effects of disasters on people's mental health?

    <p>Feelings of support from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach to stress measurement did Lazarus and his associates pioneer?

    <p>Measuring daily hassles rather than life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Urban Hassles Index measure?

    <p>Stressors that commonly affect adolescents in urban environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of various self-report stress measures?

    <p>To target specific populations and purposes of study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the scale that measures serious life events?

    <p>Social Readjustment Rating Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Family Daily Hassles Inventory?

    <p>Daily stressors experienced by parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers have to choose from when measuring stress?

    <p>A variety of self-report stress measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between daily hassles and life events?

    <p>Daily hassles are less serious than life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who pioneered an approach to stress measurement that looks at daily hassles rather than life events?

    <p>Lazarus and his associates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stress Response

    • Allostasis refers to the body's maintenance of an appropriate level of activation under changing circumstances.
    • Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is the body's attempt to meet the needs of the situation during emergencies.

    Physiology of Stress Response

    • The stress response begins with the perception of some kind of stress or threat, which triggers a physiological reaction.
    • Epinephrine and norepinephrine circulate through the bloodstream, causing a slower and more prolonged response compared to neurotransmitters.
    • The amount of epinephrine secreted can be determined by assaying a person's urine, measuring stress by tapping into the physiology of the stress response.

    Criticisms of Selye's View

    • Selye's view of stress ignores situational and psychological factors that contribute to stress.
    • Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress emphasizes the key role of a person's appraisal of the psychological situation.

    Psychological Factors

    • Emotional component and a person's interpretation of stressful events contribute to stress.
    • Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress emphasizes the interactional or transactional view of stress, holding that stress refers to a relationship between person and environment.

    Measuring Stress

    • The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) emphasizes perception of events rather than the events themselves.
    • Lazarus and his associates developed an approach to stress measurement that looks at daily hassles rather than life events.
    • Everyday Hassles Scales, such as the original Hassles Scale and the Urban Hassles Index, measure stressors that commonly affect people in daily life.

    Effects of Stress

    • Natural disasters can be devastating to huge numbers of people, but they cannot be blamed on any single person or group.
    • Intentional acts, such as bombings, can be more traumatic than natural disasters.
    • Cataclysmic events can be either intentional or unintentional, with different effects on stress.
    • Stress associated with traumatic events can dissipate within weeks, but some people may continue to experience negative psychological and physical health effects several years later.

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    Description

    Understand the concept of allostasis and its relation to the adrenomedullary stress response. Learn how epinephrine secretion is affected and how it can be measured.

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