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Questions and Answers
What does the Life Events Scale for Students measure?
What does the Life Events Scale for Students measure?
- The occurrence of physical illness
- The number of stress situations checked by students (correct)
- The appraisal of the environmental situation by students
- The degree of stress perceived by students
What is Lazarus's view on stress?
What is Lazarus's view on stress?
- Stress is a one-time event
- Stress is a static concept
- Stress is only related to physical illness
- Stress is a transactional, dynamic complex (correct)
What does the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) emphasize?
What does the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) emphasize?
- The appraisal of the environmental situation
- The perception of events rather than the events themselves (correct)
- The occurrence of physical illness
- The number of stress situations
What is the purpose of the assessment at the beginning of the chapter?
What is the purpose of the assessment at the beginning of the chapter?
According to the discussion, what is true about college students who check more stress situations?
According to the discussion, what is true about college students who check more stress situations?
What does the original Hassles Scale consist of?
What does the original Hassles Scale consist of?
What do Lazarus and his associates insist that self-report scales must be able to assess?
What do Lazarus and his associates insist that self-report scales must be able to assess?
How many items does the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) have?
How many items does the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) have?
What is the term that refers to the body's maintenance of an appropriate level of activation under changing circumstances?
What is the term that refers to the body's maintenance of an appropriate level of activation under changing circumstances?
What is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system's activation during emergencies?
What is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system's activation during emergencies?
What is epinephrine?
What is epinephrine?
What is the benefit of short-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the benefit of short-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in maintaining allostasis?
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in maintaining allostasis?
What is the main difference between the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine and neurotransmitters?
What is the main difference between the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine and neurotransmitters?
How can the amount of epinephrine secreted be determined?
How can the amount of epinephrine secreted be determined?
What is the relationship between epinephrine and the adrenomedullary stress response?
What is the relationship between epinephrine and the adrenomedullary stress response?
Who defined stress as a “particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being”?
Who defined stress as a “particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being”?
What is the major criticism of Selye's view of stress?
What is the major criticism of Selye's view of stress?
What do situational and psychological factors include?
What do situational and psychological factors include?
What is the key role of a person's appraisal of the psychological situation in Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress?
What is the key role of a person's appraisal of the psychological situation in Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress?
What is the outcome of a person appraising a situation as threatening, challenging, or harmful?
What is the outcome of a person appraising a situation as threatening, challenging, or harmful?
What is the focus of Selye's view of stress?
What is the focus of Selye's view of stress?
What is the significance of Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress?
What is the significance of Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress?
Who is credited with formulating an alternative model of stress that is more widely accepted among psychologists?
Who is credited with formulating an alternative model of stress that is more widely accepted among psychologists?
What is a common effect of natural disasters on people?
What is a common effect of natural disasters on people?
What is a key difference between natural disasters and intentional acts?
What is a key difference between natural disasters and intentional acts?
According to research, what happens to stress associated with intentional acts over time?
According to research, what happens to stress associated with intentional acts over time?
What is a factor that can exacerbate symptoms of depression and PTSD after a disaster?
What is a factor that can exacerbate symptoms of depression and PTSD after a disaster?
What is a characteristic of cataclysmic events?
What is a characteristic of cataclysmic events?
What is a common response required after a cataclysmic event?
What is a common response required after a cataclysmic event?
What did researchers find about the stress associated with the 9/11 attacks?
What did researchers find about the stress associated with the 9/11 attacks?
What is a key factor that moderates the effects of disasters on people's mental health?
What is a key factor that moderates the effects of disasters on people's mental health?
What approach to stress measurement did Lazarus and his associates pioneer?
What approach to stress measurement did Lazarus and his associates pioneer?
What does the Urban Hassles Index measure?
What does the Urban Hassles Index measure?
What is the purpose of various self-report stress measures?
What is the purpose of various self-report stress measures?
What is the name of the scale that measures serious life events?
What is the name of the scale that measures serious life events?
What is the focus of the Family Daily Hassles Inventory?
What is the focus of the Family Daily Hassles Inventory?
What do researchers have to choose from when measuring stress?
What do researchers have to choose from when measuring stress?
What is the difference between daily hassles and life events?
What is the difference between daily hassles and life events?
Who pioneered an approach to stress measurement that looks at daily hassles rather than life events?
Who pioneered an approach to stress measurement that looks at daily hassles rather than life events?
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Study Notes
Stress Response
- Allostasis refers to the body's maintenance of an appropriate level of activation under changing circumstances.
- Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is the body's attempt to meet the needs of the situation during emergencies.
Physiology of Stress Response
- The stress response begins with the perception of some kind of stress or threat, which triggers a physiological reaction.
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine circulate through the bloodstream, causing a slower and more prolonged response compared to neurotransmitters.
- The amount of epinephrine secreted can be determined by assaying a person's urine, measuring stress by tapping into the physiology of the stress response.
Criticisms of Selye's View
- Selye's view of stress ignores situational and psychological factors that contribute to stress.
- Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress emphasizes the key role of a person's appraisal of the psychological situation.
Psychological Factors
- Emotional component and a person's interpretation of stressful events contribute to stress.
- Lazarus and Folkman's definition of stress emphasizes the interactional or transactional view of stress, holding that stress refers to a relationship between person and environment.
Measuring Stress
- The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) emphasizes perception of events rather than the events themselves.
- Lazarus and his associates developed an approach to stress measurement that looks at daily hassles rather than life events.
- Everyday Hassles Scales, such as the original Hassles Scale and the Urban Hassles Index, measure stressors that commonly affect people in daily life.
Effects of Stress
- Natural disasters can be devastating to huge numbers of people, but they cannot be blamed on any single person or group.
- Intentional acts, such as bombings, can be more traumatic than natural disasters.
- Cataclysmic events can be either intentional or unintentional, with different effects on stress.
- Stress associated with traumatic events can dissipate within weeks, but some people may continue to experience negative psychological and physical health effects several years later.
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