Psychology: Stereotypes and Discrimination
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Questions and Answers

What defines prejudice in social psychology?

  • A set of positive beliefs about an outgroup
  • A neutral perception of individuals from different groups
  • An equal balance of opinions regarding all social groups
  • An unjustifiable negative attitude toward an outgroup (correct)

    • Why are stereotypes difficult to change?

  • They are deeply embedded in culture and daily life. (correct)
  • They only apply to a small number of individuals.
  • They are based on outdated information.
  • They are easily recognized as incorrect.

    • What is stereotype threat?

  • The withdrawal of support from a particular social group
  • An unfair assumption about individual capabilities
  • Negative performance impacts due to awareness of stereotypes (correct)
  • The reinforcement of positive group identity

    • What effect does implicit racial bias have on judgment?

    <p>It causes individuals to make prejudiced decisions without awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the finding of the study by Price and Wolfers (2007) regarding NBA referees?

    <p>Black players received fewer fouls when more referees were Black.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stereotypes influence behaviors toward categorized individuals?

    <p>They make judgments feel more justified and correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of the bogus pipeline procedure in measuring stereotypes?

    <p>Participants believe they are being monitored for true attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may influence students to behave more inclusively?

    <p>Thinking their peers share unprejudiced views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Spencer, Steele, and Quinn (1999) conclude about women and math under stereotype threat?

    <p>Women performed worse in math when reminded of negative stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was shown to increase ingroup favoritism among students?

    <p>The belief that their ingroup's norm favored inclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do prejudice and discrimination thrive in certain environments?

    <p>When they are perceived as the norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for long-lasting changes in beliefs about outgroups?

    <p>Support from changes in social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment by Sechrist and Stangor, what variable did the researchers manipulate?

    <p>Participants' beliefs about ingroup norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the behavior of individuals impact prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>It can create or reduce prejudice and discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a high social identification with the ingroup have?

    <p>It strengthens the belief in shared prejudiced views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence if social norms do not support prejudice?

    <p>Prejudice and discrimination will diminish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant reason for ingroup favoritism?

    <p>Self-enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can confronting prejudice have on the individuals who are confronted?

    <p>It increases their feelings of guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation is more likely to decrease ingroup favoritism?

    <p>When ingroup members are clearly inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the black sheep effect?

    <p>Ingroup members shun those who threaten the group's image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What long-term condition is necessary for lasting change in prejudice reduction?

    <p>Societal norms must change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ingroup memberships impact self-esteem?

    <p>They provide feelings of social identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment helps limit discriminatory behaviors?

    <p>Environments with stringent norms against discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a likely outcome of failing to confront prejudice?

    <p>Heightened feelings of guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social categorization refer to?

    <p>The cognitive process of placing individuals into social groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Shelley Taylor and colleagues, what task were participants asked to perform after observing the interaction?

    <p>Match statements to the correct speaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is outgroup homogeneity?

    <p>The tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ingroup favoritism?

    <p>The tendency to respond positively to ingroup members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

    <p>To assess stereotypes and prejudice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age has ingroup favoritism been observed in children?

    <p>Nine months old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique was used by Kawakami and colleagues to reduce discrimination?

    <p>Practicing non-stereotypical responses to outgroup members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the participants' recall in the study by Taylor and colleagues?

    <p>Their recall was generally poor but consistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the method used to reduce conflict in the Robbers' Cave Experiment?

    <p>Creating a superordinate goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Black Sheep Effect refers to what phenomenon?

    <p>The strong devaluation of ingroup members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the setting for the technique used to reduce discrimination in Kawakami's study?

    <p>In a hallway with a confederate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers discover about children in relation to similar others?

    <p>They prefer individuals who treat similar others well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does practicing non-stereotypical responses to outgroup members aim to achieve?

    <p>To improve the ability to avoid activating negative stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might lead people to avoid interacting with outgroups?

    <p>Anxieties about differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age do children typically show an increased ingroup favoritism?

    <p>Around six years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the ingroup in ingroup favoritism?

    <p>Individuals with whom one identifies closely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated to reduce ingroup favoritism in a competitive setting?

    <p>Working as a large team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found in the study at a football game regarding helping behavior?

    <p>White students were more likely to help Black interviewers with similar hats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a way to foster unity and cooperation among groups?

    <p>Identifying with a shared symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to attain superordinate goals in group settings?

    <p>Resources pooled from both groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the children working together to meet goals?

    <p>Reduction in negative perceptions of group members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a method researchers used to improve cooperation among the groups?

    <p>Creating interdependent tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor was shown to improve attitudes towards other group members?

    <p>Experiencing positive shared challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the changes noticed after the groups worked together?

    <p>Emergence of more positive intergroup attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

    • Stereotypes are cognitive components, positive or negative beliefs about social groups.
    • Prejudice is an unjustifiable negative attitude toward an outgroup or its members.
    • Discrimination is unjustified negative behavior toward members of outgroups.

    Stereotype Threat

    • Stereotype threat occurs when people are aware of cultural stereotypes about their group.
    • This can lead to decreased performance on tasks related to the stereotyped characteristic.
    • For example, women may perform worse on math tests when reminded of the stereotype that women are less capable in math.

    Implicit Racial Bias

    • Implicit racial bias involves unconscious attitudes and stereotypes.
    • Studies have shown that White participants are more likely to mistakenly shoot Black individuals, even in the absence of a weapon.
    • This highlights the potential for bias in social interactions.

    Maintaining Stereotypes

    • Stereotypes are often maintained because people readily remember information that confirms them, rather than disproves them.
    • They are ingrained in culture and reinforced through media, making them difficult to change.
    • Stereotypes are more potent among prejudiced individuals because they are highly accessible.

    Measuring Stereotypes

    • Bogus pipeline procedure is a method to measure stereotypes indirectly.
    • Participants are tricked into believing their responses are being monitored in real-time.
    • This technique aims to elicit genuine attitudes in the participants.

    Implicit Association Test (IAT)

    • IAT is a method commonly used to assess stereotypes and prejudice.
    • In IAT tests, participants are asked to categorize stimuli using computer keys.
    • The test aims to measure the strength of associations between concepts.

    Reducing Discrimination

    • Education, contact, and social norms play a crucial role in reducing prejudice and discrimination.
    • Education exposes individuals to new norms and encourages critical thinking about stereotypes.
    • Intergroup contact, especially when involving shared goals, can foster understanding and improve attitudes.
    • Changing social norms to disallow or discourage discrimination can lead to reduction in prejudice.

    Reducing Prejudice through Intergroup Contact

    • Contact between different groups can help reduce prejudice, especially when people view each other as part of a larger group, decreasing negativity.
    • Interdependence among individuals where they share a goal and are reliant on each other to reach the goal reduces stereotypes and encourages more positive perceptions.
    • Intergroup contact must involve positive experiences and challenge stereotypes for it to be effective towards reducing prejudice.

    Ingroup Favoritism

    • Ingroup favoritism is the tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroup than outgroups.
    • This behavior is influenced by factors including self-enhancement and perceiving ingroup members as similar to oneself.
    • The Robbers Cave experiment is an example that highlights ingroup favoritism and how these strong social identities and perceptions in groups can lead to conflict.

    Interdependence

    • Interdependence, in a group context, where the outcome of the work or the goals rely on all members, leads to improved intergroup attitudes in people.
    • This demonstrates how shared goals and relying on each other to achieve them can change group perceptions and attitudes in a positive manner.

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    Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores concepts related to stereotypes, prejudice, and the impact of implicit bias in social interactions. It also examines stereotype threat and how it can affect performance in various tasks. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of psychology and social behavior.

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