Psychology Sleep and IQ Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes REM sleep?

  • Occurs only once during each sleep cycle
  • Characterized by rapid eye movement and paralysis (correct)
  • Involves high muscle tone and physical activity
  • Is the deepest sleep stage with no dreams

During which part of the sleep cycle do sleep spindles and K-complexes primarily occur?

  • REM sleep
  • Stage 2 of non-REM sleep (correct)
  • Deep sleep (Stage 3)
  • Stage 1 of non-REM sleep

What happens during shifts in sleep before REM occurs?

  • Sleep cycles become synchronized with environmental sounds
  • REM sleep is interrupted by brief awakenings
  • Brain activity increases and sleep becomes lighter (correct)
  • Body temperature decreases to its lowest point

Which of the following statements about dreaming is true?

<p>Dreaming predominantly occurs during REM sleep (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is primarily involved in memory consolidation during sleep?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which score is typically associated with the indication of potential intellectual disability?

<p>Score of 70 or below (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a score of 130 or higher indicate according to the scoring system?

<p>High intellectual ability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of this scoring system, which statement is true regarding the consideration of scores?

<p>Both high and low scores are considered (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the document suggest about the heritability of IQ in twins?

<p>IQ is believed to be heritable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of a score that falls between the ranges of high or low?

<p>It indicates average intellectual capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by the deepest level of rest with a decrease in blood pressure and breathing?

<p>Stage 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of REM sleep?

<p>Dreaming and brain activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder includes episodes of sleep attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness?

<p>Narcolepsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of NREM sleep does the body first transition out of deep sleep and prepare to enter REM sleep?

<p>Stage 4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of hypnosis as described?

<p>Managing anxiety and addiction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the inability to see a problem from a new perspective due to relying on familiar approaches?

<p>Functional Fixedness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which problem-solving approach involves focusing on one specific aspect of a problem to make a decision?

<p>Single Feature Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered a consequence of having a high IQ in life outcomes?

<p>Enhanced physical health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'DCBOTL' potentially stand for in the context of different IQ types?

<p>Dichotomous Classification of Below Optimal Thought Logic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of dreams does the phrase 'What happens when dreams are deposited' most likely refer to?

<p>The effect of dreams on memory retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the use of biological-mathematical language?

<p>It facilitates precise expression and understanding of complex ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is identified as having negative effects related to physical dependence and psychological conditions?

<p>Opioids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of hypnosis as it relates to the notes on instruments?

<p>It may assist in addiction treatment and psychological relief. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory or concept is least likely related to the effects of sleep based on the provided notes?

<p>Effects of ambient noise during sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the term 'inattentional blindness'?

<p>Not noticing a significant object in a clear field of vision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does multitasking affect attention capacity according to the content?

<p>Dividing attention through multitasking results in less attention for each task. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

<p>Controlling the sleep-wake cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement?

<p>REM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to enhance environmental circadian rhythm?

<p>Consistent dark environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the surface narrative of a dream, according to Freud?

<p>Manifest content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents hidden meanings and underlying desires in dreams, according to Freud?

<p>Latent content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding Freudian theories of dreams?

<p>They emphasize the manifest and latent content in understanding dreams. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following claims is least supported by Freud's research on dreams?

<p>Dreams are purely neurocognitive in nature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Freud's dream theory can be considered controversial?

<p>His emphasis on the role of sex and aggression in dreams. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the law of effect illustrate in behavioral learning?

<p>Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement is associated with satisfying basic needs, such as hunger and thirst?

<p>Primary reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'latent learning' refer to in the context of behavioral psychology?

<p>Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement but manifests later. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context is variable ratio reinforcement typically observed?

<p>Unpredictable job performance rewards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primary and secondary reinforcers as discussed in behavioral learning?

<p>Both types strengthen behavior but in different contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'puzzle box' concept primarily used in behavioral studies?

<p>To understand learning processes in animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes a characteristic of classical conditioning?

<p>It connects a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does positive reinforcement aim to achieve in behavioral learning?

<p>To reinforce behaviors by presenting favorable outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and often associated with dreaming.

Sleep Stages

Different phases of sleep, each with distinct brainwave patterns and physiological changes.

Hippocampus' role in sleep

The hippocampus plays a role in consolidating memories during sleep.

Multi-tasking & Attention

Limited attention makes it difficult to focus on several things at once.

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REM

A phase of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements.

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Instrument effect on sleep

Possible effects of an instrument on sleep patterns or duration; possibly a sleep aid.

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Dream deposition effects

Describes the impact of a process on dream recall and memory.

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Substance categories

A classification/categorization of substances based on their properties and potential effects.

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Negative drug effects

Describes negative consequences of substance use, including physical dependence, mood disorders, and cough.

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Dream theories

Different frameworks for understanding dream processes.

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Mental Images

A mental representation of a person, object, or event, used for thinking and problem-solving.

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Prototype

A best example or ideal representation of a category.

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Functional Fixedness

The inability to see new uses for familiar objects.

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Define Language

A system of communication using symbols (sounds, words, gestures) with agreed upon meaning.

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IQ Types

Different types of intelligence, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.

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Intellectual Disability Score

A score of 70 or below on an intelligence test may indicate intellectual disability.

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High Intelligence Score

A score of 130 or higher on the G타 test suggests high intellectual ability.

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G타 Test

A test that measures intelligence, likely similar to an IQ test, where a score of 130 or higher indicates high intellectual ability.

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IQ Heritability

IQ scores in twins are believed to be heavily influenced by genetics.

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Analyzing High & Low Scores

Analyzing both high and low scores on an intelligence test is crucial for understanding individuals' capabilities.

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Puzzle box

An enclosed apparatus used in animal learning experiments, often involving a cat or other animal trying to escape or obtain a reward.

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Law of effect

A principle stating that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors with unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.

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Reinforcement

Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

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Primary reinforcer

A stimulus that satisfies a basic biological need, such as food, water, or warmth.

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Secondary reinforcer

A stimulus that becomes rewarding through association with a primary reinforcer.

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Classical conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a learned response to the neutral stimulus.

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Latent learning

Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement, but is only demonstrated later when reinforcement is available or necessary.

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Variable ratio

A schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is provided after a variable, unpredictable number of responses.

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Consciousness as a stream

William James's analogy describing consciousness as a continuous flow, like a river, integrating past, present, and future experiences.

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Attention: Limited and Selective

The ability to focus on specific information while ignoring others, but with a limited capacity for processing.

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Inattentional Blindness

Failing to notice an obvious object or event due to focused attention elsewhere.

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Multitasking & Attention Interference

Dividing attention between tasks often results in reduced performance for each task, particularly when tasks are similar.

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Circadian Rhythm

A 24.2-hour cycle of biological processes that regulates sleep-wake patterns and other bodily functions.

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Manifest Content

The actual storyline or events remembered from a dream.

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Latent Content

The hidden meaning or underlying symbolism of a dream, according to Freud.

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Freud's Dream Theory

Freud believed dreams represent unconscious desires and conflicts.

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Freud's Dream Theory - Supported by research?

No, Freud's theory about dreams is not scientifically supported.

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Neurocognitive Theory of Dreaming

A modern theory that suggests dreaming results from brain activity, not unconscious desires.

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Stage 1 Sleep

The transition period between being awake and asleep, lasting about 5-10 minutes.

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Stage 2 Sleep

Body temperature drops, heart rate slows, and brain produces sleep spindles. Muscles relax, lasting about 20 minutes.

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Stage 3 Sleep

The deepest stage of sleep. This is where muscles relax, blood pressure and breathing decrease. It lasts longer than Stage 2.

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Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

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