Psychology Schools: Structuralism Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the phi phenomenon create the illusion of?

Color changes

Motion (correct)

Sound perception

Static images

Which principle suggests that objects that are close together tend to be perceived as a group?

Similarity

Closure

Proximity (correct)

Continuity

Who is the Austrian neurologist associated with the psychodynamic school of thought?

B. F. Skinner

Sigmund Freud (correct)

Ivan Pavlov

Carl Rogers

What was Sigmund Freud's stance on the study of the mind?

Psychologists should study the mind Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of proximity help in visual design?

It helps readers understand structure and flow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the use of the phi phenomenon in film and animation?

A series of static images are presented in quick succession Signup and view all the answers

What method did structuralists use to study the mind?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism was commonly directed at structuralism?

It lacked objectivity. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the main proponent of functionalism?

William James Signup and view all the answers

What does functionalism primarily focus on?

The functions of the mind Signup and view all the answers

According to William James, how should psychologists approach the mind?

By studying its functions and operations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key belief of functionalism?

Mental processes serve to promote adaptation. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did both structuralism and functionalism use as a primary method of study?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of structuralism?

It overly accounts for environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ego within the psychoanalytic theory?

To mediate between the id and the external world Signup and view all the answers

Around which ages does the superego develop according to psychoanalytic theory?

3-5 years Signup and view all the answers

Which principle does the ego primarily operate on?

Reality principle Signup and view all the answers

What does the superego specifically seek to control?

Self-centered desires of the id Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of personality according to psychoanalytic theory?

The observer Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is NOT considered a Neo-Freudian follower of Freud?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Gestalt' mean in German?

Form Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main principles of Gestalt Psychology?

Simplicity Signup and view all the answers

Who is NOT one of the chief proponents of Gestalt Psychology?

William James Signup and view all the answers

What does the figure-ground principle help us distinguish?

Figure and ground Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the Gestalt slogan?

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts Signup and view all the answers

How does Gestalt Psychology view mental processes?

As a complete whole Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of simplicity in perception according to Gestalt principles?

To seek order and predictability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how we usually perceive a mosaic according to Gestalt Psychology?

By interpreting it as a whole image Signup and view all the answers

What did Neo-Freudians criticize about Freud's theories?

He focused too much on innate basic instincts and sexuality. Signup and view all the answers

According to Alfred Adler, what is a primary goal individuals strive for?

To achieve superiority and reduce feelings of inferiority. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Compliant Personality, according to Karen Horney?

Need for love, appreciation, and acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

What did John B. Watson argue in opposition to earlier schools of psychology?

All behavior is caused by environmental elements. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following psychologists is NOT associated with Behaviorism?

Alfred Adler Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral approach did Harry Stack Sullivan emphasize?

Establishing significant relationships to reduce anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type described by Karen Horney seeks to excel and win admiration?

Aggressive Personality Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior did the schools of Structuralism and Functionalism primarily focus on?

The mind and mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Structuralism

Focused on the components of the mind using introspection, which involves self-reflection and analysis of internal experiences.
Criticized for lacking objectivity; not scientifically valid for studying emotions or animal behavior.
Unable to address complex issues such as mental disorders.

Functionalism

Emerged in response to structuralism, led by William James.
Argued studying the mind's structure is futile; emphasized the mind's fluidity and continuous nature.
Advocated for studying the mind's functions—how it operates and adapts to the environment.
Introspection was also a key method in functionalist studies.

Gestalt Psychology

"Gestalt" means form or whole; opposed structuralism's reductionist approach.
Argued that to understand human experience, it is essential to view it as a complete whole rather than dissecting into parts.
Developed principles like:
- Simplicity: Interpret visual scenes in the simplest way.
- Figure-Ground: Distinguish between focal points and background.
- Phi Phenomenon: Illusion of motion from rapidly sequential images.
- Proximity: Objects nearby are perceived as grouped.

Psychodynamic School

Founded by Sigmund Freud, focusing on the mind's dynamics rather than just structure or function.
Introduced foundational concepts like the Id, Ego, and Superego.
- Ego: Mediates between Id's desires and reality, operates on the reality principle.
- Superego: Develops through morality, opposing Id's impulses to adhere to societal standards.
Other notable figures in psychoanalysis: Carl Jung, Anna Freud, Erik Erikson.

Neo-Freudian Perspective

Followers of Freud (e.g., Alfred Adler, Karen Horney) revised some of his theories.
Critiqued Freud's focus on innate drives, emphasizing social, cultural, and interpersonal factors in behavior development.

Neo-Freudian Personality Perspectives

Alfred Adler: Individuals strive for superiority to overcome feelings of inferiority.
Harry Stack Sullivan: Emphasized the importance of establishing rewarding relationships to reduce anxiety.
Karen Horney proposed personality types:
- Compliant Personality: Drawn to others, seeks love and validation.
- Aggressive Personality: Tests competitiveness and seeks admiration.
- Detached Personality: Values independence and self-reliance.

Behaviorism

Challenged previous schools of thought for their focus on the mind; initiated by John B. Watson in the 1920s.
Proposed that all behaviors are results of environmental stimuli, advocating observable behavior as key to understanding psychology.
Influential figures in behaviorism include B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the school of structuralism in psychology. This quiz explores the concept of introspection and its significance in understanding the mind. It also addresses the criticisms faced by structuralism regarding its scientific validity.