Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the phi phenomenon create the illusion of?
What does the phi phenomenon create the illusion of?
- Color changes
- Motion (correct)
- Sound perception
- Static images
Which principle suggests that objects that are close together tend to be perceived as a group?
Which principle suggests that objects that are close together tend to be perceived as a group?
- Similarity
- Closure
- Proximity (correct)
- Continuity
Who is the Austrian neurologist associated with the psychodynamic school of thought?
Who is the Austrian neurologist associated with the psychodynamic school of thought?
- B. F. Skinner
- Sigmund Freud (correct)
- Ivan Pavlov
- Carl Rogers
What was Sigmund Freud's stance on the study of the mind?
What was Sigmund Freud's stance on the study of the mind?
How does the principle of proximity help in visual design?
How does the principle of proximity help in visual design?
Which of the following best describes the use of the phi phenomenon in film and animation?
Which of the following best describes the use of the phi phenomenon in film and animation?
What method did structuralists use to study the mind?
What method did structuralists use to study the mind?
Which criticism was commonly directed at structuralism?
Which criticism was commonly directed at structuralism?
Who is the main proponent of functionalism?
Who is the main proponent of functionalism?
What does functionalism primarily focus on?
What does functionalism primarily focus on?
According to William James, how should psychologists approach the mind?
According to William James, how should psychologists approach the mind?
Which of the following was a key belief of functionalism?
Which of the following was a key belief of functionalism?
What aspect did both structuralism and functionalism use as a primary method of study?
What aspect did both structuralism and functionalism use as a primary method of study?
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of structuralism?
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of structuralism?
What is the primary function of the ego within the psychoanalytic theory?
What is the primary function of the ego within the psychoanalytic theory?
Around which ages does the superego develop according to psychoanalytic theory?
Around which ages does the superego develop according to psychoanalytic theory?
Which principle does the ego primarily operate on?
Which principle does the ego primarily operate on?
What does the superego specifically seek to control?
What does the superego specifically seek to control?
Which of the following is NOT a component of personality according to psychoanalytic theory?
Which of the following is NOT a component of personality according to psychoanalytic theory?
Who among the following is NOT considered a Neo-Freudian follower of Freud?
Who among the following is NOT considered a Neo-Freudian follower of Freud?
What does the term 'Gestalt' mean in German?
What does the term 'Gestalt' mean in German?
What is one of the main principles of Gestalt Psychology?
What is one of the main principles of Gestalt Psychology?
Who is NOT one of the chief proponents of Gestalt Psychology?
Who is NOT one of the chief proponents of Gestalt Psychology?
What does the figure-ground principle help us distinguish?
What does the figure-ground principle help us distinguish?
Which statement best captures the Gestalt slogan?
Which statement best captures the Gestalt slogan?
How does Gestalt Psychology view mental processes?
How does Gestalt Psychology view mental processes?
What is the role of simplicity in perception according to Gestalt principles?
What is the role of simplicity in perception according to Gestalt principles?
Which of the following best describes how we usually perceive a mosaic according to Gestalt Psychology?
Which of the following best describes how we usually perceive a mosaic according to Gestalt Psychology?
What did Neo-Freudians criticize about Freud's theories?
What did Neo-Freudians criticize about Freud's theories?
According to Alfred Adler, what is a primary goal individuals strive for?
According to Alfred Adler, what is a primary goal individuals strive for?
What is a characteristic of the Compliant Personality, according to Karen Horney?
What is a characteristic of the Compliant Personality, according to Karen Horney?
What did John B. Watson argue in opposition to earlier schools of psychology?
What did John B. Watson argue in opposition to earlier schools of psychology?
Which of the following psychologists is NOT associated with Behaviorism?
Which of the following psychologists is NOT associated with Behaviorism?
What behavioral approach did Harry Stack Sullivan emphasize?
What behavioral approach did Harry Stack Sullivan emphasize?
Which personality type described by Karen Horney seeks to excel and win admiration?
Which personality type described by Karen Horney seeks to excel and win admiration?
What aspect of behavior did the schools of Structuralism and Functionalism primarily focus on?
What aspect of behavior did the schools of Structuralism and Functionalism primarily focus on?
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Study Notes
Structuralism
- Focused on the components of the mind using introspection, which involves self-reflection and analysis of internal experiences.
- Criticized for lacking objectivity; not scientifically valid for studying emotions or animal behavior.
- Unable to address complex issues such as mental disorders.
Functionalism
- Emerged in response to structuralism, led by William James.
- Argued studying the mind's structure is futile; emphasized the mind's fluidity and continuous nature.
- Advocated for studying the mind's functions—how it operates and adapts to the environment.
- Introspection was also a key method in functionalist studies.
Gestalt Psychology
- "Gestalt" means form or whole; opposed structuralism's reductionist approach.
- Argued that to understand human experience, it is essential to view it as a complete whole rather than dissecting into parts.
- Developed principles like:
- Simplicity: Interpret visual scenes in the simplest way.
- Figure-Ground: Distinguish between focal points and background.
- Phi Phenomenon: Illusion of motion from rapidly sequential images.
- Proximity: Objects nearby are perceived as grouped.
Psychodynamic School
- Founded by Sigmund Freud, focusing on the mind's dynamics rather than just structure or function.
- Introduced foundational concepts like the Id, Ego, and Superego.
- Ego: Mediates between Id's desires and reality, operates on the reality principle.
- Superego: Develops through morality, opposing Id's impulses to adhere to societal standards.
- Other notable figures in psychoanalysis: Carl Jung, Anna Freud, Erik Erikson.
Neo-Freudian Perspective
- Followers of Freud (e.g., Alfred Adler, Karen Horney) revised some of his theories.
- Critiqued Freud's focus on innate drives, emphasizing social, cultural, and interpersonal factors in behavior development.
Neo-Freudian Personality Perspectives
- Alfred Adler: Individuals strive for superiority to overcome feelings of inferiority.
- Harry Stack Sullivan: Emphasized the importance of establishing rewarding relationships to reduce anxiety.
- Karen Horney proposed personality types:
- Compliant Personality: Drawn to others, seeks love and validation.
- Aggressive Personality: Tests competitiveness and seeks admiration.
- Detached Personality: Values independence and self-reliance.
Behaviorism
- Challenged previous schools of thought for their focus on the mind; initiated by John B. Watson in the 1920s.
- Proposed that all behaviors are results of environmental stimuli, advocating observable behavior as key to understanding psychology.
- Influential figures in behaviorism include B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike.
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