Psychology: Scales of Measurement
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Questions and Answers

Which scale of measurement contains equal intervals and has no absolute zero point?

  • Ordinal
  • Interval (correct)
  • Nominal
  • Ratio

    • Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for nominal scales?

  • Mean
  • Mode (correct)
  • Range
  • Median

    • In a bimodal distribution, how many scores occur with the highest frequency?

  • Two (correct)
  • None
  • Three
  • One

    • Which variable is manipulated in a study?

    <p>Independent Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the interquartile range measure?

    <p>Difference between third quartile and first quartile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-Hoc tests in ANOVA are used to:

    <p>Determine which specific mean differences are significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of central tendency is identical for both sample and population?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of data is the zero value meaningful, indicating none or null?

    <p>Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of variability provides a quick but gross description of the spread of scores?

    <p>Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tukey's HSD test is used to:

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard deviation for a T-score?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a non-linear transformation required?

    <p>When the data under consideration are not normally distributed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the alpha level in a hypothesis test represent?

    <p>The probability that the test will lead to a Type I error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used when both sets of measurements are in ordinal scale and the sample size is small?

    <p>Spearman Rho</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a one-tailed test?

    <p>Statistical hypotheses specify either an increase or a decrease in the population mean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hypothesis testing, what is the null hypothesis?

    <p>No change, no difference, or no relationship exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Pearson correlation coefficient of 1 indicate?

    <p>A perfect positive linear relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    STEN scores divide a scale into how many units?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean score for the GRE or SAT?

    <p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation coefficient of zero indicate?

    <p>No correlation between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of test is restricted to psychologists only?

    <p>Level C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an intake interview?

    <p>To determine why the client came for assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interview involves more than one interviewer?

    <p>Panel interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Naturalistic Observation' in behavioral observation entail?

    <p>Observing humans in natural settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is often used by counselors to gather and therapeutically address information about problematic behavior?

    <p>Motivational interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the variability in the amount and type of information derived from interviews with clients?

    <p>Information variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment tool was originally created to identify mentally disabled children in Paris?

    <p>Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'portfolio' refer to in psychological assessments?

    <p>Samples of one's ability and accomplishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of role play involves assessees acting out a pre-determined part in a simulated situation?

    <p>Role play test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of test administration does NOT accommodate persons with disabilities (PWDs)?

    <p>Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5th Ed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale measures the tendency to be suggestible and easily influenced by others?

    <p>Hysteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to detect random or careless responding?

    <p>Infrequency Scale (INF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale measures characteristics of individuals who are seen as manipulative and deceitful?

    <p>Antisocial Tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN) scale detect?

    <p>Inconsistent responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inventory measures the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality?

    <p>NEO-PI-R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale tests for physical symptoms that may be related to psychological distress?

    <p>Somatic Complaints (SOM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale would detect attempts by respondents to present themselves in an overly positive light?

    <p>Positive Impression (PI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is included in the Interpersonal Scales?

    <p>NEO Personality Inventory-NEO-PI-R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the Treatment Scales?

    <p>Assertiveness (ASS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test's purpose is to assess personality variables for counseling and non-clinical adult use?

    <p>California Psychological Inventory (CPI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dimensions is NOT part of the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?

    <p>Sense of Well-Being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)?

    <p>E.K. Strong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range is the Children's Apperception Test (CAT) targeted?

    <p>3-10 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projective test includes an Exner System for coding?

    <p>Rorschach Inkblot Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Thurstone Interest Schedule (TIS)?

    <p>Systematically clarifying vocational interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant used in the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is the Hand Test intended for?

    <p>5 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scales is part of the Folk Scales?

    <p>Socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the developers of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

    <p>Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is unique to the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)?

    <p>Persecutory Ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM)?

    <p>To measure analytical and reasoning ability in abstract situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is designed to measure fluid intelligence using geometric forms?

    <p>Purdue Non-Language Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino (PKP) principally used for?

    <p>Screening, classifying, and identifying learning needs for Filipino students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is primarily used to guide educational and career decisions?

    <p>Differential Aptitude Scale (DAT-V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures cognitive ability and problem-solving aptitude for employees?

    <p>Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB)?

    <p>To measure a wide range of aptitudes for military career placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is designed to measure episodic verbal learning and memory?

    <p>California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is primarily used across legal practices?

    <p>Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests includes job elements such as Assembly, Coordination, and Planning?

    <p>Flanagan Industrial Tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)?

    <p>Evaluating personality and psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale in the California Psychological Inventory (CPI-III) assesses tendencies towards both faking good and faking bad?

    <p>Validity Scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical personality pattern is characterized by disinterest in social relationships and preference for solitary activities?

    <p>Schizoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which severe clinical syndrome involves persistent and significant delusions?

    <p>Delusional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Desirability (Y) scale in the validity indices measure?

    <p>Defensive responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of measurement has equal intervals but no absolute zero point?

    <p>Interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the severe personality pathology classification?

    <p>Histrionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inventory is designed to measure Major Depressive symptoms according to DSM criteria?

    <p>BDI-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of central tendency is useful for ‘open-ended’ categories?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality pattern is characterized by self-dramatizing, exaggerated emotional expressions and attention-seeking behavior?

    <p>Histrionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A measure of variability that is determined by the difference between the highest and lowest scores is called the:

    <p>Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of measurement is the easiest to manipulate?

    <p>Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale measures an individual's global feelings of self-worth?

    <p>Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Extraversion dimension primarily measure?

    <p>The tendency to be energetic, sociable, and assertive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is associated with having difficulty resisting urges?

    <p>Impulsiveness (N5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tukey's HSD test is used in ANOVA to:

    <p>Compute the minimum difference for significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low score on Disclosure (X) and Debasement (Z) with a high score on Desirability (Y) indicates:

    <p>Underreporting of difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the HOPE Scale primarily measure?

    <p>Goal-driven energy and pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistic indicates the most typical or representative score in a distribution?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait measures comfort with social awkwardness?

    <p>Self-Consciousness (N4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a facet of Openness to Experience?

    <p>Trust (A1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a positively skewed distribution, which measure of central tendency is likely to be the highest?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An indication of how scores are dispersed in a distribution is referred to as:

    <p>Variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low score in which trait is associated with preferring to be on their own and being reserved?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Gregariousness (E2) facet measure?

    <p>Preference for having other people around</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a measure of variability?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Extraversion facet involves experiencing positive emotions like happiness and joy?

    <p>Positive Emotions (E6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for nominal scales?

    <p>Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes individuals high on Openness to Experience?

    <p>Being intellectually and creatively curious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes individuals with a high score in Agreeableness?

    <p>Sympathetic and helpful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facet of Openness to Experience involves trying novel activities or foods?

    <p>Actions (O4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range does the Behavior Problem Inventory assess?

    <p>6 yrs old to 18 yrs old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form assists in identifying behavior disorders in children as per the Behavior Problem Inventory information?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) includes which subscale?

    <p>Low Mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is specifically designed to rate the severity of OC symptoms in children aged 6-17 years?

    <p>Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is used for assessing anxiety in preschool children?

    <p>Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tools assesses the adaptive behavior of individuals from 0 to 90 years old?

    <p>Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what purpose is the 7-Minute Screen specifically used?

    <p>Identifying patients with Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subscale is NOT part of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)?

    <p>Low Mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary benefit of interviews in psychological assessment?

    <p>It can take note of verbal and nonverbal cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a CON associated with using tests in psychological assessments?

    <p>In crisis situations, impractical to take required time to administer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes systematic error?

    <p>It is constant or proportionate to the true values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reliability is affected by carryover effects?

    <p>Test-Retest Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formula $X = T + E$ represent in Classical Test Theory?

    <p>The observed score is the sum of the true score and error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a source of error variance?

    <p>True Score Calibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when creating parallel forms for reliability testing?

    <p>Difference between the two tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of random error on test scores?

    <p>It causes unpredictable fluctuations in the observed score.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is an error variance most likely to inflate a test score?

    <p>During positive measurement error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reliability measure involves dividing a test into two parts and comparing the consistency of the scores?

    <p>Internal Consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the fluctuation of observed scores due to factors unrelated to the variable measured?

    <p>Measurement Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher standard error of measurement (SEM) indicate about a test's reliability?

    <p>Lower reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychological Assessment

    Four Levels of Scales of Measurement

    • Nominal: classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics, only labels and categorizes observations, no quantitative distinctions.
    • Ordinal: rank ordering on some characteristic, with a median.
    • Interval: equal intervals, no absolute zero point, zero value does not mean none.
    • Ratio: true zero point, a score of zero means none.

    Distribution

    • Distribution: a set of test scores arrayed for recording or study.
    • Raw Scores: straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance.
    • Frequency Distribution: all scores listed alongside the number of times each score occurred.

    Independent and Quasi-Independent Variables

    • Independent Variable: being manipulated in the study.
    • Quasi-Independent Variable: non-manipulated variable to designate groups.
    • Factor: used in ANOVA.

    Post-Hoc Tests

    • Post-Hoc Tests: used in ANOVA to determine which mean differences are significantly different.
    • Tukey's HSD test: allows computing a single value that determines the minimum difference between treatment means necessary for significance.

    Measures of Central Tendency

    • Measures of Central Tendency: statistics that indicate the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution.
    • Mean: the average of all the raw scores, used for interval and ratio data.
    • Median: the middle score of the distribution, used for ordinal, interval, and ratio data.
    • Mode: the most frequently occurring score in the distribution, used for nominal scales.

    Variability

    • Variability: an indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed.
    • Measures of Variability: statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution.
    • Range: the difference between the highest and lowest score.
    • Quartile: dividing points between the four quarters in the distribution.
    • Standard Deviation: the square root of the average squared deviations about the mean.

    Scaling Test Scores

    • Stanine: a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale.
    • Linear Transformation: retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score.
    • Non-Linear Transformation: required when the data is not normally distributed.
    • Normalizing the Distribution: involves stretching the skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve.

    Hypothesis Testing

    • Hypothesis Testing: a statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population.
    • Alternative Hypothesis: states there is a change, difference, or relationship.
    • Null Hypothesis: no change, no difference, or no relationship.
    • Alpha Level or Level of Significance: used to define the concept of "very unlikely" in a hypothesis test.

    Levels of Tests

    • Level A: anyone under the direction of a supervisor or consultant.
    • Level B: psychometricians and psychologists only.
    • Level C: psychologists only.

    Interview

    • Method of Gathering Information: through distinct communication involving reciprocal exchange.
    • Types of interviews:
      • Structured
      • Unstructured
      • Semi-structured
      • Non-directive

    Mental Status Examination

    • Determines the Mental Status: of the patient.

    Intake Interview

    • Determine Why: the client came for assessment.
    • Chance to Inform: the client about the policies, fees, and process involved.

    Social Case

    • Biographical Sketch: of the client.

    Employment Interview

    • Determine Whether: the candidate is suitable for hiring.

    Panel Interview (Board Interview)

    • More than One Interviewer: participates in the assessment.

    Motivational Interview

    • Used by Counselors: to gather information about some problematic behavior, while simultaneously attempting to address it therapeutically.

    Issues Addressed by Structured Interviews

    • Criterion Variance: amount of error caused by vague guidelines for exclusion or inclusion in different categories.
    • Information Variance: variability in amount and type of information derived from interviews with clients.

    Portfolio

    • Samples of One's Ability: and accomplishment.
    • Purpose: usually in industrial settings for evaluation of future performances.

    Case History Data

    • Records, Transcripts, and Other Accounts: that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee.

    Behavioral Observation

    • Monitoring of Actions: of others or oneself by visual or electronic means, while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions.
    • Types of observations:
      • Naturalistic
      • Role Play

    Computers

    • Using Technology: to assess clients, serving as test administrators and efficient test scorers.

    Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5th.Ed.(SB-5)

    • Age Range: 2-85 years old.
    • Individually Administered: normed, age scale and point-scale format.
    • Originally Created: to identify mentally disabled children in Paris.

    Aptitude Tests

    • Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM): measures analytical and reasoning ability in abstract and novel situations.
    • Purdue Non-Language Test: measures fluid intelligence.
    • Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II (KABC-II): assesses cognitive development in children.
    • Differential Aptitude Scale - Fifth Edition (DAT-V): assesses an individual's aptitudes across various domains.

    Critical Thinking Test

    • Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test (W-GCTA): designed to assess a person's critical thinking abilities.

    Mental Alertness Tests

    • Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness (TMA): measures sensitivity to a range of clinical conditions.

    Personality Tests

    • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2): measures various clinical symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and obsessiveness-compulsiveness.
    • Neo Personality Inventory-NEO-PI-R: measures the extent to which an individual endorses 30 facets of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality.

    Other Tests

    • Rorschach Inkblot Test: measures an individual's perception of ambiguous stimuli.
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): measures an individual's attitudes and values.
    • Sentence Completion Test: measures an individual's thoughts and feelings.### Personality Theories
    • Aesthetics (O2): Measure of interest in and absorption by art, beauty, and nature's inherent beauty.
    • Feelings (O3): Measure of openness to one's inner emotional life, including deep emotions and their value in the human experience.
    • Actions (O4): Measure of behavioral aspects of openness, relating to trying new activities, foods, and places.
    • Ideas (O5): Measure of cognitive aspect of openness related to intellectual curiosity.
    • Values (O6): Measure of willingness to re-examine one's values in the face of different worldviews, cultures, and a changing world.

    Agreeableness

    • Measure of kind of interactions an individual prefers, from compassion to tough-mindedness.
    • Measures attitudes about the trustworthiness and goodness of others, and behaviors related to respecting, empathizing with, and deferring to others.
    • High: Sympathetic, willing to help, cooperative, believes others are generally decent and honest.
    • Low: Skeptical of others, expecting competition and challenge, sarcastic, and stubborn.

    Folk Scales

    • Capacity for Status
    • Sociability
    • Social Presence
    • Self-Acceptance
    • Sense of Well-Being
    • Responsibility
    • Socialization
    • Self-Control
    • Tolerance
    • Good Impression
    • Communality
    • Achievement via Conformance
    • Achievement via Independence
    • Intellectual Efficiency
    • Psychological Mindedness
    • Femininity/Masculinity Independence
    • Flexibility and Empathy

    Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)

    • Developed by E.K. Strong
    • For individuals 15 years old and above
    • Helps individuals identify their work personality by exploring their interests in six broad areas:
      • RIASEC

    Thurstone Interest Schedule (TIS)

    • Developed by Thurstone
    • Designed as a counseling instrument to help individuals clarify their vocational interests
    • Systematic checklist to explore vocational interests

    Basic Personality Inventory (BPI)

    • Developed by Douglas Jackson
    • For adults and adolescents
    • Self-report measure of general domain of psychopathology
    • 240 true/false items, 11 substantive clinical scales, and one critical item scale

    Dimensions

    • Alienation
    • Anxiety
    • Denial
    • Depression
    • Deviation
    • Hypochondriasis
    • Impulse Expression
    • Interpersonal Problems
    • Persecutory Ideas
    • Self-Depreciation
    • Social Introversion
    • Thinking Disorder

    Projective Tests

    Rorschach Inkblot Test

    • Developed by Hermann Rorschach
    • For individuals 5 years old and above
    • Subjects describe what they see in 10 ambiguous inkblot images
    • Once used to diagnose mental illnesses like schizophrenia
    • Exner System: Coding system used in this test
    • Content: Categories of objects used in patient responses
      • Nature
      • Animal Feature
      • Whole Human
      • Human Feature
      • Fictional/Mythical Human Detail
      • Sex

    Determinants

    • Form
    • Movement
    • Color
    • Shading
    • Pairs and Reflections

    Location

    • W- The whole inkblot was used to depict an image
    • D- Commonly described part of the blot was used
    • Dd- An uncommonly described or unusual detail was used
    • S- The white space in the background was used

    Thematic Apperception Test

    • Developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
    • For individuals 5 years old and above
    • 31 picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations
    • Popularly known as the picture interpretation

    Children's Apperception Test

    • Developed by Bellak and Bellak
    • For children 3-10 years old
    • Based on the idea that animals engaged in various activities stimulate projective storytelling in children

    Hand Test

    • Developed by Edward Wagner
    • For individuals 5 years old and above
    • Used to measure action tendencies, particularly acting out and aggressive behavior, in adults and children
    • 10 cards (1 blank)

    Apperceptive Personality Test (APT)

    • Developed by Holmstrom et al.
    • Attempt to address criticisms of TAT
    • Introduced objectivity in scoring system
    • 8 cards include male and female of different ages and minority group members
    • Testtakers respond to a series of multiple-choice questions

    Validity/Modifying Indices

    • Invalidity (V): Person answers randomly
    • Inconsistency (W): Expected to be answered both in the same direction
    • Disclosure (X): Designed to measure whether a client's responses were open and revealing or defensive and secretive
    • Desirability (Y): Measure of defensive responding
    • Debasement (Z): Extent to which a person describes themselves in negative, pathological terms

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    Description

    Understand the four levels of scales of measurement in psychological assessment, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Learn the characteristics and examples of each scale.

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