Psychology Quiz: Perception and Attention
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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason Covington's team does not perform well according to the text?

  • Motivation
  • Hindsight bias
  • Self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Lack of substantial experience (correct)

    • What is the concept that best explains Covington's team's underperformance?

  • Bandwagon effect
  • Confirmation bias
  • Hindsight bias
  • Self-fulfilling prophecy (correct)

    • What is the term for the processes that account for an individual's effort toward attaining a goal?

  • Motivation (correct)
  • Management
  • Leadership
  • Emotional labor

    • Which need is considered lower level according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>Safety-security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about people with a high achievement need according to McClelland's theory of needs?

    <p>They prefer tasks that have a high level of risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions?

    <p>Self-determination theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the processes that account for an individual's direction of effort toward attaining a goal?

    <p>Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts involves the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people often notice Alicia Akers?

    <p>Because of her loud and high-pitched voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bias is the manager exhibiting in the performance appraisal example?

    <p>Recency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of externally (extrinsically) caused behavior?

    <p>An employee was laid off due to company cost-cutting measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the attribution theory, what can be inferred about Janice Yoder's behavior?

    <p>She has a disposition to cause conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for Janice Yoder's difficulties in working with teams?

    <p>Her disposition to cause conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why people perceive Alicia Akers as drawing attention?

    <p>Her characteristics as a target affect people's perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the attribution theory in relation to Janice Yoder's behavior?

    <p>Disposition versus situational causes of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way to increase motivation in a group?

    <p>Increasing the rewards the group is given if it succeeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cohesiveness refer to in the context of groups?

    <p>The degree to which members are attracted to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of group decision making compared to individual decision making?

    <p>Accuracy of decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a manager minimize groupthink?

    <p>Seek input from employees before the group leader presents their opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when group members exaggerate their initial positions?

    <p>Groupshift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the traditional view of conflict, what is the nature of conflict?

    <p>Conflict is harmful and must be avoided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conflicts are almost always harmful?

    <p>Relationship conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in ensuring group success?

    <p>Identifying individual contributions to the group's outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leadership style is characterized by high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power?

    <p>LMX theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the LMX theory, when does a leader categorize followers as 'in' or 'out'?

    <p>Early in the interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors?

    <p>Charismatic leadership theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a transactional leader?

    <p>Recognizing accomplishments with rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leader inspires followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization?

    <p>Transformational leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership behavior is the least effective according to the full range of leadership models?

    <p>Laissez-faire leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a leader with high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power?

    <p>Good leader-member relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a workgroup?

    <p>to improve individual performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leader pays attention to the emotional needs of others and considers individual differences?

    <p>Transformational leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a team?

    <p>the availability of complementary skills among members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a conflict-handling intention that involves sacrificing one's own interests to maintain the relationship?

    <p>accommodating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is conflict considered dysfunctional?

    <p>when it reduces group cohesiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of team consists of employees from the same department who meet to discuss ways of improving the work environment?

    <p>problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of self-managed work teams?

    <p>they manage conflicts well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a workgroup and a team?

    <p>the level of individual accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of self-managed work teams?

    <p>they improve collective performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Perception

    • Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment.
    • Alicia Akers, a marketing executive, always talks in a high pitch and draws attention wherever she is, which shows that characteristics of the target affect people's perception.

    Attribution

    • Attribution is the process of assigning causes to events or behaviors.
    • Janice Yoder, who works in an environmental campaigning organization, always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team and has major disagreements with team members, which lead to antagonistic relations between them. According to the attribution theory, this behavior can be attributed to internal factors.

    Motivation

    • Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
    • According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, social-belongingness is a lower level need.
    • Herzberg's two-factor theory states that recognition is a motivational factor.
    • McClelland's theory of needs proposes that people with a high achievement need prefer tasks that have a moderate level of risk.

    Group Dynamics

    • Cohesiveness refers to the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group.
    • When compared to individual decision making, group decision making has a disadvantage in the area of speed.
    • Groupthink can be minimized by encouraging group members to engage in a critical evaluation of ideas at the beginning.
    • Groupshift is a phenomenon where group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions they hold.

    Conflict Management

    • According to the traditional view of conflict, all conflict is harmful and must be avoided.
    • Relationship conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.
    • A party who seeks to appease an opponent may be willing to place the opponent's interests above his or her own, sacrificing to maintain the relationship, which is known as accommodating.
    • Conflict is dysfunctional when it reduces group cohesiveness.

    Teams and Team Building

    • The primary purpose of a workgroup is to improve collective performance.
    • A work team is characterized by the presence of complementary skills among members and individual accountability for outcomes and results.
    • A team consists of employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving the work environment, but they do not have the authority to unilaterally implement any of their suggestions, which is most likely to be a problem-solving team.
    • Self-managed work teams are typically composed of employees from different departments who work independent of each other.

    Leadership

    • The LMX (leader member exchange) theory proposes that a leader implicitly categorizes followers as "in" or "out" early in the interaction.
    • Charismatic leadership theory proposes that followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.
    • A transactional leader is likely to reward employees for the work that they have done, thus recognizing accomplishments.
    • Transformational leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers.
    • Laissez-faire leadership is the least effective leadership behavior.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of perception and attention in psychology with these multiple-choice questions. Explore how our past experiences, personality, and characteristics of the target affect our perception of reality.

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