Mental health test 4 review
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Mental health test 4 review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary motivation for individuals with factitious disorder imposed on self to feign symptoms?

  • To gain financial benefits
  • To seek medical treatment
  • To avoid responsibilities
  • To gain attention (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of factitious disorder imposed on others?

  • A nurse administers excess medication to a patient and then revives them (correct)
  • A patient falsely claims to have a chronic illness for sympathy
  • A child exaggerates symptoms to avoid school
  • A caregiver provides inaccurate health information to a family member

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

  • Muscle atrophy
  • Dry skin
  • Excessive weight gain (correct)
  • Amenorrhea

    • What is one of the positive effects of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine when prescribed for ADHD?

    <p>Improved attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a psychological symptom that people with anorexia nervosa may deny experiencing?

    <p>Anxiety regarding their appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term effect of medication use in children that can be mitigated by taking drug holidays?

    <p>Growth and weight suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines hypochondriasis-illness anxiety disorder?

    <p>Excessive worry about having a serious illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are behavior modification programs considered effective for patients with eating disorders?

    <p>They focus on changing harmful behaviors and thought patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with patients who exhibit memory problems?

    <p>Risk for injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common behavior may individuals with somatoform disorder exhibit?

    <p>Excessive body checks for symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common aim of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) evaluations for clients with eating disorders?

    <p>Identifying psychological triggers for unhealthy eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in a balanced meal for a calorie restriction diet?

    <p>A mix of macronutrients: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic communication technique effective for a patient with an eating disorder?

    <p>Empathy and understanding of their struggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a positive behavioral change for a patient with bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Adopting healthy eating habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing intervention is appropriate for managing aggressive behavior in dementia patients?

    <p>Provide distractions by engaging them in activities they enjoy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Lewy body disease?

    <p>Visual hallucinations and movement disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach is most effective for adolescents who have assaulted their parents?

    <p>Family therapy combined with individual therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate outcome criterion for a patient expressing body dissatisfaction?

    <p>Express body acceptance and self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with calorie restriction diets?

    <p>Nutritional deficiencies and energy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy can improve a client's ability to sleep at night?

    <p>Promoting regular exercise during the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a speech sound disorder?

    <p>Challenge in forming intelligible speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial for a nurse when dealing with a student facing bullying?

    <p>Creating a safe and supportive environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a tactile hallucination?

    <p>Sensation of insects crawling on or under the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is NOT suitable for therapeutic communication with a patient suffering from anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Dismissing their concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is most effective for a patient with ADHD who struggles with daily tasks?

    <p>Establishing clear, achievable goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common negative side effect of amphetamines in children?

    <p>Irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is bulimia nervosa typically diagnosed?

    <p>18 or 19 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended strategy to manage the side effects of stimulant medications?

    <p>Taking doses after meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the emotional state of a patient with dissociative identity disorder?

    <p>They experience memory lapses and blackouts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by minor cognitive problems that are noticeable but don't interfere with daily life?

    <p>Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing intervention for a patient with vascular neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>Implementing safety precautions to prevent falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided by children taking stimulant medications to minimize side effects?

    <p>Caffeine and sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of moderate Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Increased confusion and memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of stimulants in modern practice?

    <p>Treating ADHD in children and adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of Alzheimer's disease will a patient be unable to recognize family members and unable to ambulate?

    <p>Stage 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective nursing intervention for managing aggression in Alzheimer's patients?

    <p>Create a Calm Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary focus of nursing interventions for clients experiencing delirium?

    <p>Promoting the Client's Safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-drug intervention can help manage agitation for Alzheimer's patients?

    <p>Involving them in structured routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach should a nurse take when dealing with clients who are experiencing confusion due to delirium?

    <p>Use short, simple sentences and clear communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be used cautiously in clients experiencing delirium due to the risk of worsening confusion?

    <p>Sedatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions aids in ensuring a safe environment for a delirious client?

    <p>Supervising closely when moving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is effective in reducing frustration in Alzheimer's patients experiencing aggression?

    <p>Validation Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key components of client and family education for managing delirium?

    <p>Discouraging the use of over-the-counter medications without consultation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing a delirious patient, how should a nurse respond to misperceptions?

    <p>Validate feelings while presenting reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior often displayed by individuals with factitious disorder imposed on self?

    <p>Injuring themselves to gain attention from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with individuals undergoing restrictive diets due to anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Loss of body fat and hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary concern regarding individuals with Munchausen syndrome by proxy?

    <p>They may inflict harm on others to gain sympathy or attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential danger of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine use in children?

    <p>Increased risk of psychosis or aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological state is commonly noted in patients with anorexia nervosa, despite a declining appearance?

    <p>Denying negative body image or anxiety about appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential negative side effect associated with the use of amphetamines?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral modification technique is specifically aimed at reinforcing positive changes for patients with eating disorders?

    <p>Rewarding positive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior exhibited by individuals with hypochondriasis-illness anxiety disorder?

    <p>Consistent medical follow-ups despite lack of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended strategy to help prevent memory problems in elderly patients?

    <p>Promoting physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for an 18-year-old presenting with disruptive behavior due to aggressive tendencies?

    <p>Conduct disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included as part of a balanced meal to maintain energy levels in a calorie restriction diet?

    <p>Combination of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly utilized to help alleviate symptoms associated with somatic symptom disorder?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic communication strategy that can foster a supportive environment for a patient dealing with an eating disorder?

    <p>Using empathy and understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome should a nurse expect for a patient with conduct disorder during their stabilization phase?

    <p>Assess strengths and weaknesses realistically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key therapeutic approach in managing aggressive behaviors in dementia patients?

    <p>Validation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration for managing the side effects of stimulant medications in children?

    <p>Giving medications with meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of Alzheimer's disease do individuals experience noticeable memory loss that affects daily activities?

    <p>Moderate Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is indicative of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

    <p>Recurrent loss of memory for personal information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential educational component for caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Knowledge about the disease's progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of both stimulants and atomoxetine used for ADHD?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary intervention helps prevent falls in patients with vascular neurocognitive disorders?

    <p>Assessing the need for increased supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is primarily prescribed for managing ADHD nowadays?

    <p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is recommended for reducing the risk of growth suppression in children taking stimulant medications?

    <p>Implement drug holidays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended intervention for managing the safety of a client experiencing delirium?

    <p>Promoting the client’s safety through close supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing intervention is most effective for a patient with Alzheimer's experiencing aggression?

    <p>Creating a calm environment to reduce agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of Alzheimer's disease would a patient typically be unable to recognize family members?

    <p>Stage 6: Moderate-Severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial non-drug intervention for managing agitation in Alzheimer's patients?

    <p>Engaging the patient in enjoyable activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the use of restraints in clients experiencing delirium?

    <p>Restraints may heighten fears and should be a last resort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing intervention should be prioritized when communicating with clients experiencing confusion due to delirium?

    <p>Providing clear and simple directions with time for responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using validation therapy in patients with Alzheimer's?

    <p>To acknowledge and validate patients' feelings to reduce frustration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Factitious Disorder

    • Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self: Intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological symptoms to gain attention. May include self-inflicted injuries. Also known as Munchausen Syndrome.
    • Factitious Disorder Imposed on Others: Inflicting illness or injury on another person to gain attention from medical professionals or appear as a "hero." An example is a nurse administering excess potassium to a patient and then "saving" them with CPR. Also known as Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy.
    • Prevalence: Uncommon, but more frequent among those working in healthcare.
    • Legal Consequences: Individuals harming others with Factitious Disorder Imposed on Others are prosecuted under the legal system.

    Anorexia Nervosa

    • Nursing Diagnosis: Nutrition imbalance related to self-restricted diet, evidenced by Anorexia Nervosa.
    • Characteristics:
      • Amenorrhea
      • Constipation
      • Sensitivity to cold, lanugo hair on the body
      • Body fat loss
      • Muscle atrophy
      • Hair loss
      • Dry skin
      • Dental caries
      • Pedal edema
      • Bradycardia, arrhythmias
      • Orthostasis
      • Enlarged parotid glands
      • Hypothermia
      • Electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia, hypokalemia)
      • Denial of negative body image and anxiety regarding appearance
      • Increased depression and mood lability.
      • Social isolation as dieting and compulsive behaviors increase.
      • Perceiving oneself as ugly and fat.
      • Weight loss
      • Physical symptoms
      • Duration of binging and purging
      • Drive for thinness
      • Body dissatisfaction

    Amphetamine & Dextroamphetamine

    • Positive Effects:
      • Increased focus and concentration
      • Reduced hyperactivity and impulsiveness
      • Enhanced alertness (for narcolepsy patients)
    • Negative Side Effects:
      • Insomnia
      • Decreased appetite (leading to weight loss)
      • Blurred vision
      • Abdominal pain
      • Heart palpitations
      • High blood pressure
      • Constipation
      • Dry mouth
      • Mood changes (anxiety, agitation, irritability)
      • Potential for abuse and addiction
      • Withdrawal symptoms (fatigue, depression, sleep disturbances)
      • Long-term growth and weight suppression in children (can be managed with "drug holidays")

    Group Therapy for Eating Disorders

    • Benefits:
      • Physical Comfort: Reduced preoccupation with hunger or cravings, allowing for open discussion
      • Immediate Processing: Discussion after eating promotes reflection on experiences.
      • Supportive Environment: Sharing experiences and feelings creates empathy and understanding.
      • Skill Application: Practice coping strategies and skills related to eating in a safe environment.
      • Reduced Anxiety: Normalizing eating experiences and reducing fear surrounding food.

    Preventing Alzheimer's Disease

    • Cognitive Engagement:
      • Reading books
      • Doing puzzles
    • Physical Activity:
      • Walking
      • Dancing (if able)
    • Healthy Diet:
      • Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
    • Adequate Sleep: Establish regular sleep routines.
    • Manage Chronic Conditions: Regular doctor visits.
    • Stress Management: Deep breathing exercises and coping mechanisms.
    • Avoid Tobacco and Limit Alcohol Use:

    Hypochondriasis (Illness Anxiety Disorder)

    • Characteristics:
      • Excessive worry about having a serious illness, despite lack of medical evidence.
      • Frequent body checks for illness signs, seeking medical advice often, and avoiding situations where they fear exposure to illness.
      • Persistent worry for at least six months, causing significant distress or impairment in daily functioning
      • Catastrophic thinking - assuming the worst based on minor symptoms.

    Clinical Supervision for Clients with Eating Disorders

    • Licensed Mental Health Professional: Psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, or counselor.
    • Evaluate the CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) approach for the client.

    Nursing Diagnosis for Patients with Memory Problems

    • Risk for injury
    • Disrupted sleep
    • Dehydration
    • Inadequate food and fluid intake
    • Chronic confusion
    • Disorientation and memory deficits
    • Deficient socialization
    • Impaired communication
    • Inability to fulfill roles

    Behavior Modification Programs and Interventions for Eating Disorders

    • Focus: Changing harmful behaviors and thought patterns related to eating.
    • Benefits:
      • Structured environment for learning healthy habits and coping mechanisms.
      • Tailored interventions meet individual needs.
      • Rewards for positive changes enhance motivation and treatment adherence.

    Somatoform Disorder

    • Characteristics:
      • Multiple, recurrent physical symptoms in various bodily systems, without a medical basis.
      • Also known as Somatization Disorder.
      • One or more physical symptoms without organic basis.
      • Excessive time and energy focused on health concerns.
      • Belief that symptoms signify serious illness.
      • Significant distress and anxiety about health.
    • Treatment might include SSRI antidepressants.

    Nursing Diagnosis for an 18-Year-Old with Assaulting Behavior

    • Conduct Disorder
    • Ineffective Coping

    Short-Term Outcome for Anorexia Nervosa (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

    • Client will increase caloric intake per meal within 24 hours.

    Malingering

    • Definition: Intentional production of false or exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms.
    • Motivation: External incentives like avoiding work, evading prosecution, financial gain, or obtaining drugs.
    • Characteristics: No real symptoms or grossly exaggerated minor symptoms.

    Calorie Restriction Diet: Risk and Information

    • Risks:
      • Nutritional deficiencies
      • Metabolic slow down
      • Muscle loss
      • Fatigue
      • Mood changes
      • Impaired immune function
    • Information:
      • Balanced meals with proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
      • Drink plenty of water.

    Outcome Criteria for Patient Feeling Fat

    • Expressing Body Acceptance and Self-Esteem:
      • Verbalizing positive self-affirmations.
      • Demonstrating improved self-view.
    • Engaging in Healthy Behaviors:
      • Maintaining a balanced diet without obsessive focus on weight.

    Medication Interventions for Somatic Symptom Disorder

    • Antidepressants: Reduce depression and pain symptoms.
    • Antipsychotics: Address severe symptoms or co-occurring mental health conditions.
    • Antiepileptics: Manage chronic pain.

    Therapeutic Communication for Patients with Eating Disorders

    • Empathy and Understanding: "I understand this is difficult. Let's work through it together."
    • Non-Judgmental Listening: "Tell me more about how you're feeling."
    • Positive Reinforcement: "You've made great progress. Keep it up!"
    • Encouragement of Self-Expression: "It's important to express your thoughts and feelings. I'm here to listen."

    Positive Behavioral Changes for Bulimia Nervosa

    • Verbalize a more realistic body image.
    • Adhere to discharge planning, including support groups and therapy.
    • Adopting healthy eating habits and replacing unhealthy ones with positive alternatives.

    Positive Outcome Conducts for Outcome Disorder

    • Immediate:
      • Engaging in social interaction with staff and other clients.
      • Verbalizing feelings.
      • Learning problem-solving processes.
    • Stabilization:
      • Demonstrating effective coping skills.
      • Realistically assessing strengths and weaknesses.
    • Community:
      • Developing relationships with peers.
      • Verbalizing age-appropriate feelings of self-worth.
      • Performing at a satisfactory academic level.

    Therapeutic Approach for Conduct Disorder and Vandalism

    • Focus: Decreasing violence and increasing treatment compliance
    • Limit Setting:
      • Informing clients of rules and limits.
      • Explaining consequences for breaking limits.
      • Stating expected behaviors.
    • Consistent enforcement by all staff, including parents is essential.

    Nursing Interventions for Aggressive Dementia Patients

    • Creating a calm environment: Reduce noise and distractions.
    • Using Validation Therapy: Acknowledge and validate emotions.
    • Provide Distraction: Engage in enjoyable activities.

    Lewy Body Disease

    • Definition: Progressive cognitive impairment, extensive neuropsychiatric symptoms, and motor symptoms.
    • Characteristics:
      • Delusions and visual hallucinations.
      • Movement disorders similar to Parkinson's.
      • Cognitive issues (memory loss, confusion).
      • Sleep disturbances (acting out dreams, insomnia).
      • Poor body function regulation (blood pressure, heart rate, bladder).
      • Fluctuating attention.
      • Depression and apathy.

    Therapy for Adolescent Assaulting Parent

    • Family Therapy: Most promising approach. Keeping the client in their family environment with individual and family therapy. Focus on conflict resolution, anger management, and teaching social skills.

    Nurse Discussing Frustration with Colleagues

    • Benefits:
      • Emotional support to reduce stress.
      • Problem-solving with colleagues.
      • Validation from colleagues facing similar challenges.
      • Professional growth and improved care strategies.

    Nursing Diagnosis and Plan of Care for ADHD

    • Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective coping related to difficulty managing daily tasks and responsibilities.
    • Plan of Care:
      • Establish clear, achievable goals tailored to the patient's needs.
      • Create a structured routine.
      • Utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

    Negative Side Effect of Amphetamines

    • Common: Anorexia, weight loss, nausea, and irritability.
      • Avoid caffeine, sugar, and chocolate.
    • Less Common: Dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, palpitations.
    • Long-Term: Growth and weight suppression in children (can be managed with "drug holidays").
    • Abuse Potential: Exists but less common in children.
    • Important Safety: Keep medication out of children's reach (even a small amount can be fatal).

    Dissociative Identity Disorder

    • Characteristics: Two or more distinct identities or personality states that control behavior. Inability to recall important personal information.
    • Trigger: Past trauma, such as a rape.
    • Symptoms: Memory lapses, blackouts, detachment from one's body.

    Safety Teaching for Clients with Vascular Neurocognitive Disorders (Vascular Dementia)

    • Supervision: Provide appropriate level of supervision as cognitive function declines. Assess each situation individually.
    • Fall Prevention: Remove tripping hazards, install grab bars, ensure proper lighting.
    • Medication Management: Ensure medications are taken as prescribed and monitor for side effects.
    • Routine Monitoring: Monitor vital signs, cognitive status, and overall health.
    • Education: Teach patients and caregivers about the condition, progression, and symptom management.
    • Healthy Lifestyle: Encourage balanced diet, physical activity, and adequate sleep.
    • Emergency Preparedness: Develop an emergency plan including contact information for healthcare providers and instructions for caregivers.

    Age Range for Bulimia Nervosa

    • Typical onset age is 18 or 19 years old.

    Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: Patient Teaching and Nursing Interventions

    • Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: Brain changes occur years before symptoms, no noticeable symptoms at this stage.
    • Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): Minor memory problems and cognitive changes that are noticeable but don't interfere with daily life.
    • Mild Alzheimer's Disease (Early Stage): Noticeable memory loss affecting daily life. Person can function independently but may feel confused or forgetful.
    • Moderate Alzheimer's Disease (Middle Stage): Increased memory loss and confusion. Difficulty recognizing friends and family. Significant behavior and personality changes.
    • Severe Alzheimer's Disease (Late Stage): Requires full-time care, loss of communication ability, may become bedridden.
    • Patient Teaching:
      • Education about the disease: Stages, symptoms, and progression.
      • Management Strategies: Creating a safe environment, using memory aids, maintaining routines.
      • Caregiver Support: Providing resources and support to aid caregivers.
    • Nursing Interventions:
      • Consistent Routines: Implement structured daily routines to reduce confusion and promote familiarity.
      • Memory Aids: Use calendars, clocks, and labeled photos to help with orientation and recall.
      • Task Simplification: Break tasks into smaller steps to allow for independence.
      • Emotional Support: Provide emotional support to both the patient and family.
      • Safety Measures: Implement precautions to prevent falls and injuries.

    Classes of Medications for ADHD

    • Stimulants:
      • Amphetamines (first used in the 1930s).
      • Primarily used for ADHD in children and adolescents, residual attention-deficit disorder in adults, and narcolepsy.
      • Examples: Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine).
    • Non-stimulants: Atomoxetine (Strattera).

    Antihypertensive Drugs and ADHD

    • Antihypertensive drugs are not used to treat ADHD.
    • Stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamine-based (Adderall), and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) are commonly used to treat ADHD.
    • Non-stimulants like atomoxetine and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists are also used to treat ADHD.

    Alzheimer's Disease Stages

    • Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder.
    • Stage 7 is the most severe stage of Alzheimer's disease.
    • Patients in Stage 7 may lose the ability to recognize family members and ambulate.

    Nursing Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease

    • Create a Calm Environment: Reduce noise and distractions to minimize agitation.
    • Use Validation Therapy: Acknowledge the patient's feelings to reduce frustration.
    • Implement Structured Routines: Consistent schedules provide stability.
    • Provide Distractions: Engage patients in enjoyable activities to redirect aggression.
    • Administer Medications as Prescribed: Manage symptoms but monitor for side effects.
    • Safety Measures: Implement precautions to prevent falls and injuries.
    • Non-Drug Interventions: Physical activity, touch, massage, and music can help manage agitation.

    Nursing Interventions for Delirium

    • Promoting Safety: Prioritize safety by preventing falls and other injuries.
    • Client and Family Education: Educate clients and families about the importance of monitoring chronic health conditions, medication adherence, and avoiding alcohol and drugs.
    • Managing Confusion: Approach clients calmly, provide clear explanations, and use orienting cues.
    • Promoting Sleep and Proper Nutrition: Monitor sleep, elimination, and intake. Encourage daytime exercise and discourage daytime napping.
    • Evaluation: Determine the underlying causes of delirium and implement strategies to prevent recurrence.

    Speech Sound Disorder

    • Difficulty producing intelligible speech.
    • Includes stuttering and articulation disorders.
    • Articulation disorder refers to difficulty producing individual speech sounds.
    • Phonologic disorder affects sound patterns.
    • Dysfluency describes interruptions in the flow of speech.

    Mnemonic Disturbance

    • Difficulty monitoring memory performance.
    • Inability to distinguish new entities from similar past ones.

    Tactile Hallucination

    • False perception of touch or movement on or under the skin without stimulus.
    • Examples include formication, feeling of being touched, burning or tingling sensations, and painful sensations.

    Nursing Interventions for Bullying

    • Provide a Safe and Supportive Environment: Create a space where the student feels comfortable.
    • Active Listening: Give the student your full attention and show empathy.
    • Validation: Acknowledge the student's feelings and experiences.
    • Assessment: Evaluate the severity of the bullying and its impact.
    • Education: Teach the student about bullying and coping strategies.
    • Referral: If necessary, refer the student to a mental health professional.
    • Follow-up: Continuously check in with the student to ensure well-being.

    Therapeutic Communication for Anorexia Nervosa

    • Active listening: Focus on what the patient says and reflect their thoughts and feelings.
    • Empathy: Show understanding and sensitivity to the patient's emotions.
    • Open-ended questions: Encourage the patient to share experiences and feelings.
    • Clarification: Ask questions to ensure understanding.
    • Validation: Acknowledge the patient's feelings and experiences as legitimate.
    • Encouragement: Support and motivate the patient.
    • Summarization: Restate the main points to ensure understanding.
    • Silence: Allow moments of silence for the patient to express themselves.

    Pain Disorder

    • Pain is a primary symptom affected by psychological factors.
    • Assessment: Rule out physical causes by conducting a physical examination and medical history review.
    • Psychological Evaluation: Explore the patient's symptoms, emotions, stressors, and psychological factors.
    • Self-Report Questionnaire: Gather detailed information about the patient's pain.
    • Substance Use Assessment: Assess substance use which may exacerbate pain.
    • Collaboration with Other Professionals: Work with other healthcare professionals for comprehensive evaluation.

    Social Isolation, Disturbed Personal Identity, Decision Conflict, Chronic Low Self-Esteem

    • Social isolation: Minimal or no social contact resulting in a lack of meaningful social interactions.

    • Disturbed personal identity: Confusion about one's identity and purpose.

    • Decision conflict: Uncertainty about which course of action to take.

    • Chronic low self-esteem: Persistent negative evaluation of oneself.

    • Priority nursing diagnosis: Chronic low self-esteem

    Late Stage Huntington Disease

    • Severe Chorea: Involuntary, jerky movements may lessen but can still occur.
    • Rigidity: Increased muscle stiffness and decreased movement.
    • Dystonia: Abnormal postures or twisting movements.
    • Gait and Balance Issues: Difficulty walking and maintaining balance, leading to falls.
    • Severe Cognitive Decline: Difficulties with memory, problem solving, and attention.
    • Loss of Communication Skills: Difficulty speaking or understanding language, may become nonverbal.
    • Disorientation: Confusion regarding time, place, and identity.

    Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue

    • Dissociative amnesia: Inability to remember important personal information, often due to trauma or stress.
    • Dissociative fugue: Sudden travel or wandering with amnesia for one's identity. Often triggered by severe trauma or stress.

    Pica, Anorexia Nervosa, Rumination

    • Pica: Persistent ingestion of non-nutritive substances.
    • Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and denial of the seriousness of the condition.
    • Rumination: Repeated regurgitation and re-chewing of food.

    Nursing Outcomes for Somatic Disorder

    • Reducing the intensity and frequency of somatic symptoms.
    • Helping the patient develop healthier coping mechanisms to manage stress and emotional distress without physical symptoms.

    Nursing Priorities for Alzheimer's Disease

    • Safety: Ensure a safe environment to prevent falls and injuries.
    • Cognitive Support: Engage the patient in cognitive stimulation activities.
    • Daily Living Assistance: Help with activities of daily living.
    • Emotional Support: Provide emotional support for both the patient and their family.
    • Medication Management: Administer prescribed medications and monitor for side effects.
    • Communication: Use clear, simple language.
    • Nutrition: Ensure proper nutrition and hydration.
    • Behavioral Management: Manage behavioral symptoms like agitation and aggression.

    Signs and Symptoms of Pica

    • Craving non-food items: Desire to eat substances like soil, paper, or paint.
    • Gastrointestinal issues: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea due to non-food ingestion.
    • Nutritional deficiencies: Poor nutrition and potential deficiencies due to consuming non-nutritive substances.
    • Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak due to poor nutrition.
    • Behavioral changes: Unusual eating habits and secretive behavior around eating non-food items.

    Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

    • Factitious disorder imposed on others, also known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
    • Involves inflicting illness or injury on another person to gain attention or appear as a hero.

    Induced Illness (Fabricated or Induced Illness)

    • Factitious disorders characterized by feigning or inflicting physical symptoms on oneself or another person to gain attention or emotional benefits.

    Malingering

    • Intentional production of false or exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms for personal gain.

    Factitious Disorder

    • See the definition of Induced Illness (Fabricated or Induced Illness) above as it is the same.

    Orthorexia Nervosa

    • Pathological obsession with healthy eating or a "pure" diet.
    • Dedication to extreme diets, often to the detriment of health.

    Acetylcholine and Dementia/Parkinson's Disease

    • Low Acetylcholine: Associated with Dementia.
    • High Acetylcholine: Associated with Parkinson's Disease.
    • Medications: Drugs like Donepezil (Aricept) and Memantine (Namenda) are used to increase acetylcholine levels in the brain. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as Memantine, are used to block the effects of excess glutamate.

    Play Therapy

    • Form of therapy for young children who may communicate better through play than through words.
    • Involves playing games, drawing, or using puppets to express feelings and experiences.

    Factitious Disorder

    • Factitious disorder imposed on self (Munchausen syndrome): A person intentionally fakes or creates physical or psychological symptoms to get attention; may even inflict harm on oneself (e.g., taking substances to induce symptoms).
    • Factitious disorder imposed on others (Munchausen syndrome by proxy): A person inflicts illness or injury on another (often a child) to gain attention from medical professionals or be seen as a "hero." This is a serious crime often prosecuted in legal systems.
    • Factitious disorders are uncommon but occur more frequently in healthcare professionals or people familiar with the medical field.

    Anorexia Nervosa

    • Nursing Diagnosis: Nutrition imbalance related to self-restricted diet evidenced by anorexia nervosa.
    • Characteristics to watch:
      • Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
      • Constipation
      • Cold sensitivity, lanugo hair (fine, downy hair)
      • Body fat loss, muscle atrophy
      • Hair loss, dry skin, dental caries
      • Pedal edema (swelling in feet), bradycardia, arrhythmias
      • Orthostasis (drop in blood pressure upon standing)
      • Enlarged parotid glands, hypothermia
      • Electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia, hypokalemia)
      • Denial of negative body image or anxiety about appearance
      • Depression, mood lability, and social isolation
      • May perceive themselves as fat and ugly
      • Symptoms include weight loss, physical symptoms, duration of binging and purging, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction.

    Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine

    • Positive effects:
      • Increased focus and concentration
      • Reduced hyperactivity and impulsiveness
      • Enhanced alertness for narcolepsy.
    • Negative side effects:
      • Insomnia
      • Decreased appetite and potential weight loss
      • Blurred vision
      • Abdominal pain
      • Heart palpitations
      • High blood pressure
      • Constipation
      • Dry mouth
      • Mood changes (anxiety, agitation, irritability)
      • Potential for abuse and addiction
      • Withdrawal symptoms (fatigue, depression, sleep disturbances)
      • Long-term use: Growth and weight suppression in children, potentially preventable by taking "drug holidays."

    Group Therapy for Eating Disorders

    • Scheduling after eating: Benefits include:
      • Physical comfort: Less preoccupation with hunger and cravings allows for more open discussion.
      • Immediate processing: Discussing food-related feelings and behaviors can facilitate immediate reflection and processing.
      • Supportive environment: Sharing experiences and feelings about meals promotes empathy and understanding.
      • Skill application: Group therapy can focus on applying coping strategies in a supportive setting.
      • Reduced anxiety: Addressing food-related anxiety after a meal can normalize the experience and reduce fear.

    Elderly Teaching for Alzheimer's Prevention

    • Cognitive engagement:
      • Reading books
      • Doing puzzles
    • Physical activity:
      • Walking
      • Dancing, if possible
    • Healthy diet:
      • Emphasize vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
    • Adequate sleep:
      • Establish a sleep routine.
    • Regular doctor visits:
      • Manage chronic conditions and overall health.
    • Stress management:
      • Teach coping mechanisms (e.g., deep breathing exercises).
    • Avoid tobacco and limit alcohol use.

    Hypochondriasis (Illness Anxiety Disorder)

    • Characterized by: Excessive worry about having a serious illness.
    • Symptoms:
      • Persistent fear of illness, often without medical evidence.
      • Frequent body checks for signs of illness.
      • Frequent seeking of medical advice or avoidance of situations fearing illness exposure.
      • Anxiety lasting at least six months causing distress or impairment in daily functioning.
      • Catastrophic thinking about health based on minor symptoms.

    Clinical Supervision for Eating Disorders

    • Licensed Mental Health Professional:
      • Psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, or counselor.
      • Evaluate the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

    Nursing Diagnosis for Memory Problems

    • Risk for injury
    • Disrupted sleep
    • Dehydration
    • Inadequate food and fluid intake
    • Chronic confusion
    • Disorientation and memory deficits
    • Deficient socialization
    • Impaired communication
    • Inability to fulfill roles

    Behavior Modification Programs and Interventions for Eating Disorders

    • Focus: Changing harmful behaviors and thought patterns related to eating.
    • Benefits:
      • Structured environments for healthier habits and coping mechanisms.
      • Tailored interventions address specific needs for flexibility.
      • Rewarding positive changes enhances motivation and adherence to treatment.

    Somatoform Disorder

    • Characterized by: Multiple, recurrent physical symptoms in various bodily systems with no organic or medical basis. Also called somatization disorder.
    • Somatic Symptom Disorder: One or more physical symptoms with no organic basis causing significant distress and anxiety about health.
    • SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) antidepressants are often prescribed.

    Nursing Diagnosis for 18-Year-Old with Assaulting Behavior

    • Conduct Disorder
    • Ineffective Coping

    Most Appropriate Short-Term Outcome for Anorexia Nervosa (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

    • The client will increase caloric intake per meal within 24 hours. This addresses the most basic need (physiological) in Maslow's hierarchy: ensuring the client's survival by meeting their nutritional requirements.

    Malingering

    • Intentional fabrication or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms with external motivation.
    • Motives include avoiding work, evading prosecution, financial gain, or obtaining drugs.
    • Individuals with malingering either have no real symptoms or grossly exaggerate minor ones.

    Calorie Restriction Diet Information

    • Risks: Potential nutritional deficiencies, slowed metabolism, and increased risk of health problems.
    • Nurse teaching:
      • Balanced meals: Include protein, fats, and carbohydrates for energy.
      • Hydration: Drink plenty of water to manage hunger.

    Appropriate Outcome Criterion for a Patient Feeling Fat

    • Expressing body acceptance and self-esteem: The individual will verbalize positive-self affirmations and demonstrate an improved self-view.
    • Engaging in healthy behaviors: The individual will maintain a balanced diet without obsessively focusing on weight.

    Medication Interventions for Somatic Disorder

    • Antidepressants: Reduce depression and pain associated with somatic symptoms.
    • Antipsychotics: Address severe symptoms or co-occurring psychiatric conditions.
    • Antiepileptics: Manage chronic pain related to somatic symptom disorder.

    Therapeutic Communication with Eating Disorder Patients

    • Empathy and understanding: "I understand this is difficult; Let's work through it together."
    • Non-judgmental listening: "Tell me more about how you're feeling."
    • Positive reinforcement: "You've made great progress; keep it up!"
    • Encouragement of self-expression: "It's important to express your thoughts and feelings; I'm here to listen."

    Positive Behavioral Change for Bulimia Nervosa

    • Verbalizing a more realistic body image.
    • Following through with discharge planning, including support groups or therapy.
    • Adopting healthy eating habits and replacing unhealthy ones with positive ones.

    Positive Outcome Conducts for Conduct Disorder

    • Immediate:
      • Engaging in social interaction: Initially with staff assistance, gradually increasing over time.
      • Verbalizing feelings: Within 2-3 days.
      • Learning problem-solving: Within 2-3 days.
    • Stabilization:
      • Demonstrating effective coping and problem-solving skills.
      • Assessing strengths and weaknesses realistically.
    • Community:
      • Developing relationships with peers.
      • Verbalizing age-appropriate self-worth.
      • Achieving satisfactory academic performance.

    Therapeutic Approach for Conduct Disorder and Vandalism

    • Decreasing violence and increasing compliance with treatment:
      • Protecting others from manipulative or aggressive behavior.
      • Setting limits on unacceptable behavior.
      • Limit setting involves:
        • Informing clients of the rule or limit.
        • Explaining consequences.
        • Stating expected behavior.
      • Consistent limit enforcement with no exceptions by all staff members, including parents, is crucial.

    Nursing Intervention for Aggressive Dementia Patients

    • Creating a calm environment: Reduce noise and distractions to ease the patient.
    • Using Validation Therapy: Acknowledge and validate the patient's feelings to reduce frustration.
    • Providing distractions: Engage the patient in enjoyable activities to divert attention from aggressive behavior.

    Lewy Body Disease

    • Progressive cognitive impairment with extensive neuropsychiatric and motor symptoms.
    • Common symptoms: Delusions, visual hallucinations, and motor symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease (slow movements, rigidity, tremors, difficulty walking).
    • Functional impairment may be more pronounced than cognitive deficits initially.
    • Abnormal protein deposits affect the brain.

    Signs and Symptoms of Lewy Body Disease

    • Visual hallucinations: Seeing things that aren't real.
    • Movement disorders: Parkinson's disease-like symptoms (slow movements, rigidity, tremors, walking difficulties).
    • Cognitive issues: Memory loss, confusion, difficulty problem-solving.
    • Sleep disturbances: Acting out dreams, insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness.
    • Poor body function regulation: Blood pressure, heart rate, and bladder control issues.
    • Fluctuating attention: Alertness and attention varying throughout the day.
    • Depression and apathy: Sadness, lack of interest, and low motivation.

    Therapy Promoting Greatest Change in an Adolescent Who Assaulted Their Parent

    • Family therapy is the most promising approach. It helps address the root causes of the behavior within the family system, promoting positive communication and conflict resolution.

    Nurse Discussing Frustration with Colleagues Regarding Children with Conduct Disorder

    • Benefits:
      • Emotional support: Sharing feelings reduces stress and prevents burnout.
      • Problem-solving: Colleagues offer advice or share successful strategies.
      • Validation: Knowing others face similar challenges can be reassuring.
      • Professional growth: Discussions lead to new insights and better intervention strategies.

    Nursing Diagnosis and Plan of Care for ADHD

    • Nursing diagnosis: Ineffective coping related to difficulty managing daily tasks and responsibilities.
    • Effective plan of care:
      • Establishing clear, achievable goals tailored to the patient's needs.
      • Implementing a structured routine.
      • Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

    Negative Side Effect of Amphetamines: Patient Teaching

    • Most common side effects: Anorexia, weight loss, nausea, and irritability.
    • Patient education:
      • Avoid caffeine, sugar, and chocolate: These may worsen symptoms.
      • Less common effects: Dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, palpitations.
      • Long-term concern: Growth and weight suppression in children, preventable by taking "drug holidays."
      • Potential for abuse: Less likely in children.
      • Taking medication after meals may minimize anorexia and nausea.
      • Caffeine-free beverages and avoiding chocolate and excessive sugar are recommended.
      • Store medication safely out of reach of children.

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

    • Characterized by two or more distinct identities or personality states that take control of behavior, along with the inability to recall important personal information.
    • Often associated with trauma, including abuse, neglect, or other severe experiences.
    • Symptoms:
      • Memory lapses or blackouts.
      • Feeling detached from one's body.

    Safety Teaching for Clients with Vascular Neurocognitive Disorders (Vascular Dementia)

    • Key concepts:
      • Assess individual needs and adjust supervision levels as cognitive function declines.
      • Implement fall prevention measures: Remove tripping hazards, install grab bars, and ensure adequate lighting.
      • Manage medications: Ensure proper dosage and monitor for side effects.
      • Routine monitoring: Regularly check vital signs, cognitive status, and overall health.
      • Educate patients and caregivers: Explain the disease, progression, and symptom management.
      • Encourage a healthy lifestyle: Balanced diet, physical activity, adequate sleep.
      • Emergency preparedness: Have a plan with contact information and instructions for caregivers.

    Age Range for Bulimia Nervosa

    • Onset is typically between 18 and 19 years old.

    Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: Patient Teaching and Nursing Interventions

    • Stages:

      • Preclinical: Brain changes years before symptoms occur, no noticeable symptoms at this stage.
      • Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): Minor memory problems and cognitive changes that are noticeable without severe impairment.
      • Mild Alzheimer's Disease (Early-stage): Memory loss becomes noticeable, affecting daily activities. Person can still function independently but may experience confusion or forgetfulness.
      • Moderate Alzheimer's Disease (Middle-stage): Increased memory loss and confusion, difficulty recognizing family and friends. Significant personality and behavior changes.
      • Severe Alzheimer's Disease (Late-stage): Requires full-time care, loss of communication ability, and potential for bedridden state.

    • Patient teaching:

      • Educate about the disease: Stages, symptoms, and progression.
      • Management strategies: Creating a safe environment, using memory aids, and maintaining a routine.
      • Support for caregivers: Provide resources and support to help caregivers cope.

    • Nursing interventions:

      • Consistent routines: Reduce confusion and promote familiarity.
      • Memory aids: Calendars, clocks, and labeled photos to support orientation and recall.
      • Task simplification: Break down tasks for easier, independent completion.
      • Emotional support: Provide emotional support for both the patient and family.
      • Safety measures: Prevent falls and injuries.

    Classes of Medications for ADHD

    • **Stimulants: **
      • Amphetamines (e.g., Dexedrine) are the most common type.
      • Primarily used for ADHD in children and adolescents, residual attention-deficit disorder in adults, and narcolepsy.
      • Potential for abuse.

    Antihypertensive Drugs for ADHD

    • Antihypertensive drugs are not typically used to treat ADHD.
    • Stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamine-based (Adderall), and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) are commonly used.
    • Non-stimulants like atomoxetine and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists are also options.

    Alzheimer's Disease Stages

    • Stage 7 is the most severe stage of Alzheimer's disease.
    • Patients in stage 7 are unable to recognize family members and cannot walk.

    Nursing Interventions for Aggressive Alzheimer's Patients

    • Create a calm environment by reducing noise and distractions.
    • Use validation therapy to acknowledge and validate the patient's feelings.
    • Implement structured routines to provide stability.
    • Provide distractions to divert attention from aggressive behaviors.
    • Administer medications as prescribed, monitoring for side effects.
    • Implement safety precautions, such as fall prevention.
    • Use non-drug interventions, such as physical activity, touch, massage, and music.

    Nursing Interventions for Delirium

    • Prioritize client safety.
    • Use sedatives cautiously, as they can worsen confusion and increase fall risks.
    • Teach clients to request assistance with activities like getting out of bed.
    • Supervise clients closely if they cannot request assistance.
    • Respond promptly to client calls for assistance.
    • Check clients frequently.
    • Educate clients and families about managing chronic health conditions, medications, and avoiding alcohol and recreational drugs.
    • Approach clients calmly and speak clearly in a low voice.
    • Provide realistic reassurance and explanations that clients can understand.
    • Use short, simple sentences and allow adequate time for responses.
    • Provide orienting cues, like calling the client by name or referring to the time of day.
    • Use touch cautiously to provide reassurance and contact with reality.
    • Reduce environmental stimulation by minimizing noises, limiting visitors, and ensuring adequate lighting.
    • Correct illusions or misperceptions matter-of-factly but validate the client's feelings associated with them.
    • Monitor sleep, elimination patterns, food, and fluid intake.
    • Prompt and assist clients with eating, drinking, and bathroom needs.
    • Discourage excessive daytime napping to promote nighttime sleep.
    • Encourage some exercise during the day to promote nighttime sleep.

    Speech Sound Disorder

    • Speech sound disorder involves difficulty producing intelligible speech that hinders verbal communication.
    • Stuttering is characterized by disruptions in fluency and speech patterning, including sound and syllable repetitions
    • Articulation disorder specifically involves difficulty producing individual speech sounds correctly.
    • Phonologic disorder refers to difficulties with sound systems and their use in language.

    Mnemonic Disturbances

    • Mnemonic disturbances involve deficits in memory monitoring or difficulty distinguishing new entities from past, similar ones.
    • Examples include forgetting information or confusing new experiences with old ones.

    Tactile Hallucinations

    • Tactile hallucinations are false perceptions of touch or movement on the skin without any physical stimulus.
    • Examples include formication (sensation of insects crawling), feeling of being touched when no one is present, burning or tingling, and painful sensations.

    Nursing Interventions for Bullying

    • Provide a safe and supportive environment for the student.
    • Use active listening to provide full attention and empathy.
    • Validate the student's feelings and experiences.
    • Assess the severity of the bullying and its impact on mental and physical health.
    • Educate the student about bullying, its effects, and coping strategies.
    • Refer the student to mental health professionals if necessary.
    • Follow up with the student to monitor well-being and provide ongoing support.

    Therapeutic Communication for Anorexia Nervosa

    • Active Listening: Fully concentrate and reflect back the patient's thoughts and feelings.
    • Empathy: Show understanding and sensitivity to the patient's emotions.
    • Open-Ended Questions: Encourage the patient to share their experiences and feelings.
    • Clarification: Ask questions to ensure you understand the patient correctly.
    • Validation: Acknowledge and legitimize the patient's feelings and experiences.
    • Encouragement: Support and motivate the patient.
    • Summarization: Restate the main points of the conversation to ensure mutual understanding.
    • Silence: Allow moments of silence for the patient to reflect and express themselves.

    Pain Disorder Assessment

    • Rule out Physical Causes: Conduct a physical examination and review medical history to identify underlying medical conditions.
    • Psychological Evaluation: Perform a comprehensive psychological assessment to explore the patient's symptoms, emotional state, stressors, and any psychological factors that may be influencing their pain.
    • Self-Report Questionnaires: Use questionnaires or assessments to gather detailed information about the patient's pain.
    • Substance Use Assessment: Ask about alcohol, drug, or other substance use that might contribute to or exacerbate the pain.
    • Collaboration: Work with other healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists or psychologists, for a comprehensive evaluation.

    Social Isolation vs. Disturbed Personal Identity vs. Decision Conflict vs. Chronic Low Self-Esteem

    • Social isolation is an objective measure of lacking social interactions.
    • Disturbed personal identity is a subjective feeling of confusion about one's identity and purpose in life.
    • Decision conflict involves uncertainty about which course of action to take.
    • Chronic low self-esteem is a persistent negative evaluation of oneself.
    • Priority Nursing Diagnosis:* Chronic low self-esteem is the priority nursing diagnosis as it underlies the other concerns and impacts overall well-being.

    Huntington's Disease Late Stages Symptoms

    • Severe Chorea: Involuntary, jerky movements may lessen but are still present.
    • Rigidity: Increased muscle stiffness and decreased movement.
    • Dystonia: Abnormal postures or twisting movements.
    • Gait and Balance Issues: Difficulty walking, maintaining balance, and increased risk of falls.
    • Severe Cognitive Decline: Significant impairments in memory, problem-solving, and attention.
    • Loss of Communication Skills: Difficulty speaking or understanding language, potentially leading to nonverbal communication.
    • Disorientation: Confusion regarding time, place, and identity.

    Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue:

    • Dissociative amnesia involves an inability to recall important personal information, often related to traumatic or stressful events.
    • Dissociative fugue, a subtype of dissociative amnesia, involves sudden travel to a new location with no memory of past events and often the assumption of a new identity.
    • Dissociative fugue is a form of psychogenic fugue.

    Pica, Anorexia Nervosa, and Rumination

    • Pica: Persistent ingestion of non-nutritive substances like paint, hair, cloth, leaves, sand, or soil.
    • Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by weight refusal or inability to maintain a minimally normal body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and denial of a weight problem.
    • Rumination: Repeated regurgitation of food followed by rechewing, reswallowing, or spitting out.

    Nursing Outcomes for Somatic Disorder

    • Reducing the intensity and frequency of somatic symptoms.
    • Helping the patient develop healthier coping mechanisms for stress and emotional distress.

    Nursing Priorities for Alzheimer's Patients

    • Safety: Ensure a safe environment to prevent falls and injuries.
    • Cognitive Support: Engage in activities that stimulate cognitive function, such as memory games and puzzles.
    • Daily Living Assistance: Help with activities of daily living (ADLs).
    • Emotional Support: Provide emotional support for both the patient and their family.
    • Medication Management: Administer medications as prescribed and monitor for side effects.
    • Communication: Use clear, simple language and nonverbal cues to communicate effectively.
    • Nutrition: Ensure adequate nutrition and hydration.
    • Behavioral Management: Implement strategies to manage behavioral symptoms like agitation or aggression.

    Signs and Symptoms of Pica

    • Craving non-food items.
    • Gastrointestinal issues due to ingestion of non-food items.
    • Nutritional deficiencies.
    • Fatigue.
    • Unusual eating habits and potential secretive behavior related to eating non-food items.

    Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

    • Also known as Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another, it involves inflicting illness or injury on someone else to gain attention or appear heroic.

    Induced Illness

    • Fabricated or induced illness, also known as Factitious Disorder, involves feigning or inflicting physical symptoms on oneself or another person for attention or other emotional benefits.

    Malingering

    • Intentional production of false or exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms for gain, such as avoiding work or obtaining drugs.

    Orthorexia Nervosa

    • A pathological obsession with healthy eating or a "pure" diet, often to the detriment of health.

    Acetylcholine and Dementia vs. Parkinson's Disease

    • Low acetylcholine levels are often associated with dementia.
    • Medications like donepezil (Aricept) increase acetylcholine and can improve memory and cognitive function.
    • High acetylcholine levels are associated with Parkinson's disease.

    Play Therapy

    • Used with very young children as a way for them to communicate and express feelings through play, drawing, or acting out scenarios.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various psychological disorders, focusing on eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches. Explore motivations behind factitious disorders, the effects of medications, and treatment effectiveness in behavioral modification. Test your knowledge on these critical mental health topics.

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