Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the shift from behaviorism to cognitive psychology in the late 20th century?
Which of the following best describes the shift from behaviorism to cognitive psychology in the late 20th century?
- A renewed focus on observable behaviors led to more rigorous experimental designs, solidifying behaviorism's dominance.
- Social psychology's decreased focus on mentalistic phenomena created a space for cognitive approaches.
- The decline of evolutionary biology provided an opening for studying internal thought processes.
- The limitations of behaviorism in explaining language, coupled with the rise of information processing concepts, spurred research on mental processes. (correct)
A researcher aims to understand how specific brain regions are activated when individuals make moral decisions. Which field of psychology is most directly relevant to this research?
A researcher aims to understand how specific brain regions are activated when individuals make moral decisions. Which field of psychology is most directly relevant to this research?
- Social Psychology
- Cognitive Neuroscience (correct)
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Cultural Psychology
A psychologist is studying how cultural norms influence the display of emotions in different societies. Which area of psychology does this research fall under?
A psychologist is studying how cultural norms influence the display of emotions in different societies. Which area of psychology does this research fall under?
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Cultural Psychology (correct)
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology
Which statement best reflects the relationship between philosophical materialism and the study of psychology?
Which statement best reflects the relationship between philosophical materialism and the study of psychology?
How did Noam Chomsky's work influence the field of psychology?
How did Noam Chomsky's work influence the field of psychology?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of the principle of reinforcement?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of the principle of reinforcement?
How does evolutionary psychology expand upon traditional psychological theories?
How does evolutionary psychology expand upon traditional psychological theories?
A psychology student is interested in studying the impact of stereotypes on decision-making. Which subfield of psychology would be most relevant to their research interests?
A psychology student is interested in studying the impact of stereotypes on decision-making. Which subfield of psychology would be most relevant to their research interests?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the career landscape for psychology graduates?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the career landscape for psychology graduates?
Which of the following best describes the focus of behavioral neuroscience?
Which of the following best describes the focus of behavioral neuroscience?
How does philosophical materialism influence the modern psychological perspective?
How does philosophical materialism influence the modern psychological perspective?
Which of the following best describes the shift from structuralism to functionalism in the late 19th century?
Which of the following best describes the shift from structuralism to functionalism in the late 19th century?
What was the primary focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
What was the primary focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
How did Watson's behaviourism shift the direction of psychological research in America?
How did Watson's behaviourism shift the direction of psychological research in America?
What is the core idea behind philosophical empiricism, and how does it differ from philosophical nativism?
What is the core idea behind philosophical empiricism, and how does it differ from philosophical nativism?
How did B.F. Skinner expand upon the principles of behaviourism?
How did B.F. Skinner expand upon the principles of behaviourism?
What is the key distinction between philosophical realism and philosophical idealism in the context of perception?
What is the key distinction between philosophical realism and philosophical idealism in the context of perception?
Which approach had a tremendous impact on the treatment of psychological disorders and the intellectual climate of the Western world but little impact on experimental psychology?
Which approach had a tremendous impact on the treatment of psychological disorders and the intellectual climate of the Western world but little impact on experimental psychology?
Flashcards
Philosophical Dualism?
Philosophical Dualism?
The view that the mind and body are fundamentally distinct entities.
Philosophical Materialism?
Philosophical Materialism?
The view that mental phenomena can be reduced to physical processes.
Philosophical Realism?
Philosophical Realism?
Perceptions come only from sensory organ information
Philosophical Idealism?
Philosophical Idealism?
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Philosophical Empiricism?
Philosophical Empiricism?
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Philosophical Nativism?
Philosophical Nativism?
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Structuralism?
Structuralism?
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Functionalism?
Functionalism?
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Psychology
Psychology
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism
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Study Notes
- Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior with philosophical origins.
Philosophical Roots
- Philosophical dualism: Mind and body are fundamentally different.
- Philosophical materialism: Mental phenomena can be reduced to physical phenomena; favored by most modern psychologists.
- Philosophical realism: Perceptions of the physical world come entirely from sensory organs.
- Philosophical idealism: Perceptions are the brain’s interpretation of sensory information; favored by most modern psychologists.
- Philosophical empiricism: Knowledge is acquired through experience.
- Philosophical nativism: Some knowledge is innate; favored by most modern psychologists.
Late 1800s: Emergence of a Science
- European psychologists in the late 19th century adopted structuralism.
- Structuralism: Approach to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements.
- Functionalism: Influenced by Darwin's natural selection, emphasizing the adaptive significance of mental processes; succeeded structuralism.
Early 1900s: Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism
- Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing the unconscious influence on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
- Psychoanalysis: Therapy to gain insight into the unconscious mind.
- Freud significantly impacted the treatment of disorders and Western intellectual climate, but had little impact on experimental psychology.
- John Watson developed behaviorism, restricting scientific inquiry to observable behavior, after being influenced by Ivan Pavlov.
- Behaviorism dominated experimental psychology in America.
- B.F. Skinner used a behaviorist approach to understand how organisms learn through the principle of reinforcement.
- Principle of reinforcement: can explain complex human behavior, including language acquisition.
Early 1900s: Resistance to Behaviorism
- Some European psychologists resisted behaviorism, continuing to study perception, memory, and judgment.
- Social psychologists studied beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes, identity, and intention, resisting behaviorism
Late 1900s: Cognitive Revolution
- Noam Chomsky's critique of Skinner's language theory and the advent of digital computers sparked the cognitive revolution in the 1950s and 1960s.
- Cognitive psychology: Psychologists used the language of information processing to study mentalistic phenomena.
- Evolutionary psychology emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, incorporating evolutionary biology theories.
Early 2000s: New Frontiers
- Cognitive neuroscience: Studies the relationship between psychological processes and neural activity.
- Behavioral neuroscience: Studies the relationship between behavior and neural activity.
- Cultural psychology: Studies how culture influences mental life.
Becoming a Psychologist
- In North America, women earn over half of psychology PhDs.
- An advanced degree is required to become a psychologist.
- Psychologists can become therapists, clinicians, professors, or work in government, industry, and other institutions.
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Description
Explore the philosophical foundations of psychology, including dualism, materialism, realism, and idealism. Discover how empiricism and nativism shaped early psychological thought. Understand the emergence of psychology as a science in the late 1800s, with structuralism and functionalism.
