Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which philosophical premise most accurately encapsulates the foundational distinction of psychology from prior philosophical inquiries into the human condition?
Which philosophical premise most accurately encapsulates the foundational distinction of psychology from prior philosophical inquiries into the human condition?
- The ontological argument positing the intrinsic nature of being.
- The teleological assertion of inherent purpose dictating human behavior.
- The metaphysical postulation of immaterial substances influencing the corporeal realm.
- The epistemological framework emphasizing empirical validation and the scientific method. (correct)
The British Psychological Society's (BPS) definition of psychology overtly excludes consideration of subjective experiences, restricting its purview solely to objectively quantifiable behaviors.
The British Psychological Society's (BPS) definition of psychology overtly excludes consideration of subjective experiences, restricting its purview solely to objectively quantifiable behaviors.
False (B)
Articulate the core methodological commitment that distinguishes psychological inquiry from purely speculative reflection on human behavior.
Articulate the core methodological commitment that distinguishes psychological inquiry from purely speculative reflection on human behavior.
Sound scientific methodology
Within the biopsychosocial model, the interplay between genetic predispositions, neurochemistry, and immune response falls under the ________ domain.
Within the biopsychosocial model, the interplay between genetic predispositions, neurochemistry, and immune response falls under the ________ domain.
Match each perspective in psychology with its primary focus:
Match each perspective in psychology with its primary focus:
Which tenet is most antithetical to the core proposition of the Humanistic perspective in psychology?
Which tenet is most antithetical to the core proposition of the Humanistic perspective in psychology?
The evolutionary perspective in psychology posits that all current human behaviors are optimally adaptive in contemporary environments.
The evolutionary perspective in psychology posits that all current human behaviors are optimally adaptive in contemporary environments.
Define the central tenet of behaviorism that fundamentally reshaped the methodological approach within psychological research.
Define the central tenet of behaviorism that fundamentally reshaped the methodological approach within psychological research.
Cognitive psychology's resurgence was largely fueled by the conceptual tools afforded by the burgeoning field of ________, enabling psychologists to model mental processes as information processing systems.
Cognitive psychology's resurgence was largely fueled by the conceptual tools afforded by the burgeoning field of ________, enabling psychologists to model mental processes as information processing systems.
Match each of the established areas of psychology with its central focus:
Match each of the established areas of psychology with its central focus:
Within the context of psychological research ethics, which principle is MOST paramount when deception is employed?
Within the context of psychological research ethics, which principle is MOST paramount when deception is employed?
According to the APA's ethical guidelines, researchers are never permitted to expose animal subjects to harmful or painful procedures.
According to the APA's ethical guidelines, researchers are never permitted to expose animal subjects to harmful or painful procedures.
Define the paramount ethical imperative that guides psychological researchers in safeguarding the privacy of their research participants.
Define the paramount ethical imperative that guides psychological researchers in safeguarding the privacy of their research participants.
A patient's entitlement to receive comprehensive information pertaining to illnesses, diagnostic methodologies, and potential treatment interventions is encapsulated by the ethical principle of ________.
A patient's entitlement to receive comprehensive information pertaining to illnesses, diagnostic methodologies, and potential treatment interventions is encapsulated by the ethical principle of ________.
Match each ethical consideration with its corresponding principle:
Match each ethical consideration with its corresponding principle:
Which of the following actions represents the MOST appropriate initial step in addressing the fragmentation of psychological knowledge and practices within Sub-Saharan Africa?
Which of the following actions represents the MOST appropriate initial step in addressing the fragmentation of psychological knowledge and practices within Sub-Saharan Africa?
Western psychology theories are universally applicable and do not require adaptation for local cultural circumstances in African contexts.
Western psychology theories are universally applicable and do not require adaptation for local cultural circumstances in African contexts.
What fundamental shift in emphasis is required when addressing community mental health issues within diverse African contexts?
What fundamental shift in emphasis is required when addressing community mental health issues within diverse African contexts?
In numerous African contexts, ________ techniques are frequently favored over individual therapy in addressing mental health challenges.
In numerous African contexts, ________ techniques are frequently favored over individual therapy in addressing mental health challenges.
Match the four approaches to African psychology with their descriptions:
Match the four approaches to African psychology with their descriptions:
Which statement accurately delineates a fundamental difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist?
Which statement accurately delineates a fundamental difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist?
Psychologists and psychiatrists follow identical training pathways and are therefore interchangeable in their clinical roles.
Psychologists and psychiatrists follow identical training pathways and are therefore interchangeable in their clinical roles.
Describe the pivotal legal distinction that underpins a psychiatrist's capacity to administer pharmacological interventions, contrasting their role with that of a psychologist.
Describe the pivotal legal distinction that underpins a psychiatrist's capacity to administer pharmacological interventions, contrasting their role with that of a psychologist.
In the context of mental healthcare, while both psychologists and psychiatrists are experts in mental health, only the ________ can prescribe medication.
In the context of mental healthcare, while both psychologists and psychiatrists are experts in mental health, only the ________ can prescribe medication.
Match the professional with their primary role in mental health:
Match the professional with their primary role in mental health:
Which of following constitutes the MOST germane question for a prospective client to pose when seeking psychological services?
Which of following constitutes the MOST germane question for a prospective client to pose when seeking psychological services?
It is ethically permissible for a psychologist to guarantee a complete and permanent cure for a client's mental health condition before commencing treatment.
It is ethically permissible for a psychologist to guarantee a complete and permanent cure for a client's mental health condition before commencing treatment.
What critical inquiry should a prospective recipient of psychological services undertake to ascertain the suitability of a therapist's expertise relative to their unique condition?
What critical inquiry should a prospective recipient of psychological services undertake to ascertain the suitability of a therapist's expertise relative to their unique condition?
A crucial question for a client to ask a potential psychologist is: "What do you ________ out of me outside of a session?"
A crucial question for a client to ask a potential psychologist is: "What do you ________ out of me outside of a session?"
Match the question a client might ask a therapist with the information it seeks:
Match the question a client might ask a therapist with the information it seeks:
Which trajectory exemplifies the standard pathway to attain registration as a clinical psychologist in South Africa post-university?
Which trajectory exemplifies the standard pathway to attain registration as a clinical psychologist in South Africa post-university?
A Registered Counsellor certification is offered at NWU (North-West University).
A Registered Counsellor certification is offered at NWU (North-West University).
What internship setting is mandatory prior to registering as a clinical psychologist?
What internship setting is mandatory prior to registering as a clinical psychologist?
If one is interested in academic (Honours), they would select selection gate ________.
If one is interested in academic (Honours), they would select selection gate ________.
Match each Major type with its corresponding internship type
Match each Major type with its corresponding internship type
Which option represents the MOST critical distinction between the aims of 'Positive Psychology' and traditional clinical psychology?
Which option represents the MOST critical distinction between the aims of 'Positive Psychology' and traditional clinical psychology?
According to Behaviorism, internal mental states should be the primary focus of psychological study.
According to Behaviorism, internal mental states should be the primary focus of psychological study.
Within the domain of psychology, define 'cognitions' in the context of information processing.
Within the domain of psychology, define 'cognitions' in the context of information processing.
The theoretical orientation that underscores the unique qualities and potential inherent within all humans is known as ________.
The theoretical orientation that underscores the unique qualities and potential inherent within all humans is known as ________.
Match each theoretical orientation with its core focus in psychology:
Match each theoretical orientation with its core focus in psychology:
Flashcards
What is Psychology?
What is Psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and the underlying physiological and cognitive processes.
Biopsychosocial Model
Biopsychosocial Model
A holistic understanding of health considering sociological, psychological, and biological factors.
Social Psychology
Social Psychology
Focuses on interpersonal behavior, attitude formation, prejudice, and social forces.
Educational Psychology
Educational Psychology
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Health Psychology
Health Psychology
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Physiological Psychology
Physiological Psychology
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Experimental Psychology
Experimental Psychology
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Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
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Psychometrics Psychology
Psychometrics Psychology
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Personality Psychology
Personality Psychology
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Psychology in Africa
Psychology in Africa
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Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist
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Ethical Guidelines
Ethical Guidelines
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Western African Psychology
Western African Psychology
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Cultural African Psychology
Cultural African Psychology
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Critical African Psychology
Critical African Psychology
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Psychological African studies
Psychological African studies
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Psychology
Psychology
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Behaviour
Behaviour
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Cognition
Cognition
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Study Notes
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the underlying physiological and cognitive processes.
- The British Psychological Society (BPS) defines psychology as the study of the mind and how it influences behavior, including communication, memory, thought, and emotion.
- Psychology studies human behavior, thoughts, feelings, and motivations, and uses observation, measurement, and testing to form conclusions based on scientific methodology.
- A holistic understanding of health considers sociological, psychological, and biological factors, rather than factors in isolation.
Major Perspectives in Psychology
- Each perspective offers a different view of understanding human behavior.
- The Psychodynamic Perspective involves the id, ego, and super-ego, with pleasure, reality and morality as key components.
- The Behavioral Perspective focuses on stimuli and observable behaviors.
- The Humanistic Perspective focuses on people being unique and inherently worthy, with potential to grow.
- The Cognitive Perspective says how people think matters.
- The Socio-Cultural Perspective includes societal and cultural factors.
- The Biological Perspective focuses on genes and hormones.
- The Evolutionary Perspective focuses on how behaviors have evolved.
Contributors to Psychology
- Key figures in the Behavioral Perspective include John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner.
- Key figures in the Psychoanalytic Perspective include Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler.
- Key figures in the Humanistic Perspective include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
- Key figures in the Cognitive Perspective include Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Herbert Simon.
- Key figures in the Biological Perspective include James Olds, Roger Sperry, David Hubel, and Torsten Wiesel.
- Key figures in the Evolutionary Perspective include David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby.
Areas of Specialisation in Psychology
- Developmental psychology examines human development across the lifespan.
- Social psychology focuses on interpersonal behavior and social forces, including attitude formation, prejudice, and attraction.
- Educational psychology studies learning and teaching methods, curriculum design, and student motivation.
- Health psychology focuses on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health, including prevention and treatment of illness.
- Physiological psychology/Psychophysiology examines the influence of genetic factors and the role of the brain and nervous system in behavior.
- Experimental psychology covers sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and emotion, using experiments to study these areas.
- Cognitive psychology focuses on higher mental processes like memory, reasoning, language, and problem solving.
- Psychometrics involves the measurement of behavior and capacities through psychological tests, assessing personality, intelligence, and abilities.
- Personality psychology examines individual consistency in behavior and the factors that shape personality.
Psychologists vs. Psychiatrists
- Psychologists are trained professionals who work with psychiatrists for getting medicine prescriptions.
- Psychologists are trained to diagnose and treat mental health disorders through various types of therapy.
- Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can diagnose and treat disorders through therapy, medication, and other medical interventions
- Psychiatrists diagnose and treat psychological problems and disorders.
Psychology in Africa and Southern Africa
- Colonial history has influenced psychology in Africa and Southern Africa, especially during the apartheid era in South Africa.
- Addressing mental health issues in communities requires decolonization strategies and integrating indigenous knowledge.
- Preference of community-based techniques as opposed to individual therapy.
- Social issues like poverty, inequality, and political violence affect mental health.
- There is a need to adapt Western psychology theories to fit local cultures.
- Modern psychology in South Africa started in 1895, with academic psychology and assessments gaining popularity between 1917-1930.
- There are fragmented practices in Sub-Saharan Africa that require addressing colonial legacies.
Approaches of African Psychology
- Psychology in Africa conducts research in African countries using Western psychological theories and methods without significant adaptation.
- Cultural African Psychology integrates African cultural values, beliefs, and spiritual practices to study psychology.
- Critical African Psychology analyzes the social, political, and economic power dynamics that impact psychology in Africa.
- Psychological African Studies examines African culture and society through a psychological perspective, drawing from anthropology and sociology.
Ethical Guidelines
- Voluntary participation in research with informed consent, allowing withdrawal at any time, is essential.
- Participants should not be exposed to harmful or dangerous research procedures.
- Deception of participants requires explanation and correction of misunderstandings as soon as possible after the study.
- Subjects' rights to privacy must be protected; their information must be confidential, requiring their consent for use.
- Harmful or painful procedures imposed upon animals must be justified, with animals provided decent living conditions.
- Prior approval is mandatory before conducting studies, with accurate reporting of results and data sharing to verify claims, including retractions if errors are found.
Rights of the user of psychological services
- Access to care regardless of the ability to pay
- Must be kept informed about treatment and rehabilitation costs
- Special needs must be addressed (for pregnant women, children, people living with AIDS for example)
- Right to counselling without discrimination, coercion or violence
- Right to palliative care
- Right to positive care (courtesy, human dignity, patience, and empathy)
- Right to be granted health information
- Right to informed consent
Questions to ask as a user of psychological services
- What types of therapy or treatment do you provide?
- What are your areas of expertise?
- Have you treated people with similar conditions as me?
- How long do you usually see clients? How do you determine my goals?
- What does the process of therapy look like?
- How do you assess my treatment progress?
- What do you expect out of me outside of a session?
Terminology
- Psychology: The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes underlying behaviour.
- Behaviour: Any overt observable response or activity by an organism.
- Cognition: The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
- Psychoanalytical perspective: Human behavior is influenced by unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood.
- Unconscious: Contains thoughts, memories, and desires below conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert influence on behaviour.
- Behaviorism: Scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
- Cognitive perspective: Human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information.
- Humanism: Emphasises the unique qualities of humans.
- Biological/neuroscience perspective: Explains human and animal behavior in terms of brain structure and biochemical processes.
- Evolutionary psychology: Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value over generations.
- Positive psychology: Focuses on building positive qualities; understanding adaptive and creative processes.
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