Psychology Paper 3 Revision

Deliberately withholding or altering information about a study's true purpose to avoid participant bias and ensure accurate results.

An experiment conducted in a controlled environment to isolate cause-and-effect relationships.

Features of a study that subtly suggest to participants the expected behavior, leading to altered responses.

The extent to which a study accurately measures what it intends to measure (cause-and-effect relationship).

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations and settings.

An experiment where the independent variable isn't directly manipulated; groups are formed based on existing characteristics.

The extent to which a study represents real-life situations and behaviors.

The consistency and reproducibility of research findings.

A model of short-term memory that suggests it's not a single store but a complex system with separate components.

Memory is not a perfect recall, but a reconstruction based on past experiences, cues, and current knowledge.

Systematic patterns of deviation from rational judgment.

Moral principles and guidelines that must be followed in research to ensure participant well-being and avoid harm.

Detailed and vivid memories of emotionally significant events.

A research method using self-reported data from participants.

A non-invasive brain imaging technique that shows brain structures but not functions.

A perspective that emphasizes biological factors in behavior and mental processes.

Changes in gene function without alterations in the DNA sequence.

Process by which organisms that are better adapted to an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Study of how evolutionary processes have shaped human behavior and mental processes.

Potential problems for participants including stigmatization, family issues (misattributed paternity, etc.), and revealing unexpected genetic disorders.

Genes that increase the likelihood of having a particular trait or condition but do not guarantee it.

Inherited susceptibility to developing certain conditions or behaviors due to specific genes.

The belief only biological factors determine human development, ignoring environmental influences.

Group of genes critical for the immune system to recognize pathogens, inherited from both parents.

Research method using natural variations in family members' genetic relatedness to investigate the influence of genes and environment on traits or behaviors.

A model proposing that memory consists of three separate stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Information flows between these stores.

A temporary memory store that holds information for a few seconds. Its capacity is limited.

A model of short-term memory proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, suggesting it's more complex than one single store—it involves several components.

Cognitive shortcuts or patterns of thinking that can influence judgment and decision-making. They can lead to systematic errors.

The process of using knowledge and information to interpret the world, make predictions, and solve problems.

The process of identifying and selecting choices based on personal values and preferences.

A cognitive bias where the initial information presented (the 'anchor') influences subsequent judgments.

Mental frameworks or concepts that organize our knowledge and influence how we perceive and interpret information.

A model of thinking proposing two distinct systems: intuitive (System 1) and rational (System 2).

The fast, automatic, and emotional system of thinking.

The slow, deliberate, and logical system of thinking.

Mental shortcuts used to make judgments or decisions quickly.

The process of recreating memories based on existing knowledge and experiences, potentially leading to distortion.

The tendency for misleading post-event information to distort memories of the original event.

Questions that suggest an answer by phrasing.

Complex feelings including physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavior.

Detailed, vivid memories of highly emotional events.

Experiment (no details provided) studying information processing and storage.

Study demonstrating the misinformation effect's influence on memory reconstruction.

Study (no details provided) exploring anchoring bias and its effects on decision-making.

Important principles to uphold when conducting memory and cognitive studies to avoid harming or influencing participants.

Agreement from participants acknowledging the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks.

Explaining the study's aims and addressing participants' concerns after the study.

Research conducted in a controlled environment allowing manipulation and measurement of variables.

Research in a natural setting to observe real-world behavior while manipulating variables.

Degree to which findings of research can be generalized to real-life situations.

An antagonist that impairs memory encoding.

A substance that blocks the action of another neurotransmitter, like scopolamine.

A substance that enhances the action of a neurotransmitter, like physostigmine.

A neurotransmitter significantly impacting memory.

Brain tissue associated with neural connections and function.

How different cultures influence how people think and categorize objects and experiences.

A study demonstrating how cultural background influences categorization and decision-making patterns.

A study exploring how individuals adapt to a new culture.

The specific approach used to collect and analyze data in a study.

The way participants are selected for a study.

A different approach that could be used in future research to gather data or analyze the same topic using different methods.

Moral principles guiding research practices to protect participants.

Determining how broadly the results of a study apply to other groups.

The number of participants involved in a study. Affects the study's ability to represent the wider population.

The technique used to select participants from a larger group for a study. Different methods can lead to different biases or results.

A systematic error in which certain characteristics of a sample may not represent the overall population of interest.

The extent to which the sample in a study accurately represents the overall population being studied.

Generalizing findings from a specific group (e.g., students) to a broader population of similar social and environmental settings.

Extending findings from a study to develop or test existing broader theories, such as psychological theories.

Applying findings to different contexts, such as transferring findings from a physical setting to a similar setting.

The extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to other similar situations or populations.

Trustworthiness and believability of research findings.

Using multiple methods to verify research findings, thereby strengthening credibility.

Researcher's self-awareness and reflection to minimize bias in interpreting data.

Researcher's preconceived notions and expectations that can influence the study's outcome.

Participants' attitudes and expectations influencing their responses.

Sample selection affecting results, where the sample doesn't perfectly represent the population.

Ensuring consistent procedures in research to minimize bias and improve reliability.

Research methods to prevent participants or researchers from knowing the experimental condition to minimize bias.

Practical or theoretical constraints of research that may reduce the generalizability of the findings.