Psychology: Operant Conditioning Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is positive punishment?

  • Removing a desirable stimulus following a behavior
  • Adding an undesirable consequence after a behavior (correct)
  • Encouraging a behavior through rewards
  • Ignoring a behavior to reduce its occurrence

Which of the following is a potential problem associated with punishment?

  • It only works in situations involving dangerous behaviors
  • It can effectively reinforce positive behaviors
  • It automatically instills self-control in individuals
  • It does not necessarily eliminate the desire to repeat a behavior (correct)

What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?

  • A method of ignoring unwanted behaviors
  • Immediate reinforcement for every correct response
  • The process of reinforcing closer approximations to a desired behavior (correct)
  • Enhancing self-control by punishing behaviors

Which of the following describes continuous reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement follows every correct response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement entail?

<p>Rewards follow the first correct response after a defined time period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by unpredictable rewards for correct responses?

<p>Variable interval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does negative punishment function in behavior modification?

<p>By reducing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a desirable stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a result of punishment modeled by adults?

<p>Increased aggressive behavior in children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might partial reinforcement lead to persistence in behaviors?

<p>Because the timing and predictability of rewards vary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in learning new habits according to operant conditioning?

<p>Self-control in managing thoughts and actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines operant conditioning?

<p>A type of learning where frequency of behavior depends on consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Law of Effect, behaviors that have favorable consequences will usually what?

<p>Occur more frequently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

<p>Positive reinforcement increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an undesirable stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of immediate reinforcement?

<p>Receiving $10 for good grades immediately after the report card. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding primary and secondary reinforcement?

<p>Primary reinforcement includes essentials like food and warmth, while secondary reinforcement includes learned values like money. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of punishment on behavior?

<p>It decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what does B.F. Skinner primarily contribute?

<p>Fundamental principles of operant conditioning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

<p>Taking a painkiller to alleviate a headache. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates delayed reinforcement?

<p>Receiving a certificate for attendance at the end of the term. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation best represents the concept of a Skinner box?

<p>A training environment with controlled stimuli and responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Operant Conditioning?

A type of learning where how often a behavior occurs depends on the consequences that follow.

What is the Law of Effect?

Behaviors with desirable consequences happen more often, while behaviors with undesirable consequences happen less often.

What is Reinforcement?

Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

What is Punishment?

Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

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What is Positive Reinforcement?

A desirable event or state that is presented after a behavior, making it more likely to happen again.

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What is Negative Reinforcement?

The removal of an undesirable event or state that follows a behavior, making it more likely to happen again.

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What is Immediate Reinforcement?

Reinforcement that is more effective than delayed reinforcement.

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What is Primary Reinforcement?

Things that are naturally reinforcing, like food, warmth, and water.

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What is Secondary Reinforcement?

Things we've learned to value, like money.

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What is Delayed Gratification?

The ability to delay gratification, which can be a sign of success later in life.

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Positive Punishment

A type of punishment where something undesirable is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. For example, touching a hot stove, which leads to pain, is less likely to be repeated.

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Negative Punishment

A type of punishment where something desirable is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. For example, losing TV privileges for misbehaving makes the misbehavior less likely to occur.

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Shaping

A technique used in operant conditioning to establish a new behavior by reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one. For example, training a dog to sit by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the sitting position.

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Self Control

The ability to control our thoughts, emotions, and actions. It's key to learning new habits and exercising self-control in one area can lead to benefits in other areas.

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Continuous Reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement where a reward follows every correct response. This is useful for establishing new behaviors, but if the reinforcement stops, the behavior can be easily extinguished.

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Partial Reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement where a reward follows only some correct responses. This makes it harder for a behavior to be extinguished because the learner is unsure when the next reward will come.

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Fixed Interval

A type of partial reinforcement schedule where the first correct response after a fixed amount of time is rewarded. For example, getting a quiz every Friday.

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Variable Interval

A type of partial reinforcement schedule where the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time is rewarded.

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Fixed Ratio

A type of partial reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a fixed number of correct responses. For example, getting a bonus for every 10 sales.

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Variable Ratio

A type of partial reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after an unpredictable number of correct responses. For example, slot machines.

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Study Notes

Operant Conditioning

  • Operant conditioning is a type of learning where the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequences that follow it.
  • It involves both reinforcement (increasing behavior) and punishment (decreasing behavior).
  • Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect, stating that behaviors with favorable consequences occur more frequently, and those with unfavorable consequences occur less frequently.
  • B.F. Skinner proposed the fundamental principles of operant conditioning.

Reinforcement

  • Reinforcement is any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior.
  • Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior. An example is giving a child candy for good behavior.
  • Negative reinforcement occurs when an undesirable stimulus is removed after a behavior, increasing its likelihood. Removing a nagging sound when a task gets done is an example.

Punishment

  • Punishment is any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior.
  • Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus after a behavior. A child being scolded for misbehaving is a classic example
  • Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior, decreasing its likelihood. Taking away a child's video game privileges is a form of negative punishment.

Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Continuous reinforcement involves rewarding a desired behavior every time it occurs. It's effective for establishing new behaviors. But if reinforcement stops, the behavior can quickly disappear.
  • Partial reinforcement involves rewarding a desired behavior some of the time. It's more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement.
    • Fixed-interval schedules reward the first response after a set period of time.
    • Variable-interval schedules reward the first response after an unpredictable period of time.
    • Fixed-ratio schedules reward a behavior after a set number of responses.
    • Variable-ratio schedules reward a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses.

Shaping

  • Shaping is reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior, used to establish new behaviors.

Learning New Habits

  • Self-control is essential for learning and establishing new habits.
  • Exercising self-control in one area can positively influence other areas of life.

The Role of Cognition

  • Latent learning is learning that occurs but isn't apparent until an incentive to demonstrate it arises.
  • Overjustification effect results from rewarding a behavior that already naturally occurs, making it less intrinsically motivated.

Skinner Box

  • The Skinner Box is a laboratory apparatus used to study operant conditioning with animals, usually rodents.
  • The box contains components for delivering reinforcers (e.g., food) and/or punishers (e.g., shocks), and levers or buttons for animals to operate to receive reinforcers.

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