Psychology of Thinking

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Questions and Answers

Match the cognitive processes with their descriptions:

Attention = Focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others Imagination = Forming mental images or concepts not present in reality Problem-solving = Finding solutions to difficult or complex issues Memory = Storing and recalling past experiences and knowledge

Match the type of thinking with its characteristic:

Daydreaming = Unconscious and often spontaneous thought Free association = Expressing thoughts without censorship Concept formation = Creating categories based on observed similarities Rationalization = Providing logical explanations for decisions or beliefs

Match the components of cognition with their roles:

Cerebral cortex = Higher center of the brain regulating cognitive functions Senses = Channels through which information from the environment is gathered Knowledge base = Accumulation of information and experiences over time Awareness = Consciousness of the thinking process occurring at any moment

Match each source of knowledge acquisition with its example:

<p>Parents = Instilling values and practical skills Teachers = Educating on various subjects including science and literature Books = Providing structured information and narratives Personal experience = Learning through direct involvement in events and situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each aspect of thinking with its function:

<p>Manipulation = Transforming information for better understanding Evaluation = Assessing information or experiences to form opinions Remembering = Retrieving stored information to apply in current situations Imagining = Creating scenarios beyond current reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the definitions with the types of knowledge:

<p>Propositions = Statements that express judgments or opinions Facts = Information that can be proven true or false Rules = Guidelines that dictate expected behaviors or processes Concepts = Abstract ideas that represent categories or themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the thinking tasks with their attributes:

<p>Remembering = Recollections of past experiences and information Imagining = Innovating and visualizing future possibilities Problem-solving = Strategically working through obstacles to find answers Daydreaming = Engaging in spontaneous and often fanciful thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of cognition with their outcomes:

<p>Input = Gathering information from the environment Processing = Manipulating information internally Storage = Keeping information for future recall Output = Expressing acquired knowledge through actions or decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following problem-solving strategies to their descriptions:

<p>Trial and Error = A method involving repeated attempts to solve a problem Algorithm = A step-by-step formula for solving problems Heuristic = A mental shortcut to simplify decision making Mental Set = A tendency to approach new problems by using past solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with the appropriate problem-solving strategy:

<p>Fixing a printer by checking connections = Trial and Error Following a recipe to bake a cake = Algorithm Choosing a restaurant based on past experiences = Heuristic Using a pre-learned formula for a math problem = Mental Set</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics to their respective problem-solving strategies:

<p>Trial and Error = Not always time-efficient Algorithm = Produces the same result every time Heuristic = Saves time but may not be the best decision Mental Set = Can inhibit creative problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mental activities with their descriptions:

<p>Inferring = Drawing conclusions based on observations Judging = Making evaluations or decisions about something Abstracting = Identifying essential characteristics or concepts Reasoning = Using logic to arrive at a conclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of heuristics with their situations:

<p>Too much information = Use a heuristic Limited decision time = Use a heuristic Unimportant decision = Use a heuristic Little information available = Use a heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Algorithm = A formula that ensures a correct result when followed Heuristic = A simplifying strategy for rapid decisions Trial and Error = A repetitive process of attempts and failures Mental Set = A fixed way of solving problems based on past success</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of reasoning with their characteristics:

<p>Deductive reasoning = General to specific conclusions Inductive reasoning = Specific to general conclusions Logical reasoning = Based on premises that must be true Scientific reasoning = Draws general rules from specific instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their corresponding reasoning type:

<p>All mangoes are fruits = Deductive reasoning Jane is a good student = Inductive reasoning All fruits have seeds = Deductive reasoning Good students love reading = Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with the correct problem-solving concept:

<p>Using Google search = Algorithm Deciding what to wear based on weather = Heuristic Trying different cables for a device = Trial and Error Solving puzzles with the same approach each time = Mental Set</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their categories:

<p>Potato = Vegetable Towel = Cloth Sour = Property Fear = Abstraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements to their corresponding concepts:

<p>Success leads to rigidity = Mental Set Focused problem-solving using resources = Directed thinking Completing tasks in smaller steps = Heuristic Always yields the same solution = Algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following problem-solving steps with their order:

<p>Judging = First step in evaluating options Abstracting = Identifying essential features Inferring = Drawing conclusions from data Imagining = Considering possible solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences to the correct problem-solving strategies:

<p>Limited creativity = Mental Set Might not find a solution quickly = Trial and Error Reliable for achieving consistent results = Algorithm Often leads to quick decisions = Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes to their respective strategies:

<p>Increased chances of failure = Mental Set Recipe yields successful dish = Algorithm Quickly selecting an option = Heuristic Learning from mistakes = Trial and Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following problem-solving factors with their relevance:

<p>Traffic density = Influences route selection Road condition = Affects travel time Safety = Important for decision-making Time management = Ensures punctuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following definitions with their key terms:

<p>Concepts = Mental structures organizing knowledge Reasoning = Goal-directed thought process Problem-solving = Finding solutions to obstacles Abstracting = Distilling essential characteristics from stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of knowledge with their sources:

<p>Stored information = Memory and experience Environmental information = Observations and external cues Logical rules = Principles guiding reasoning Categorical knowledge = Frameworks for organizing concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of thinking with their functions:

<p>Judging = Evaluating options and choices Imagining = Formulating potential solutions Reasoning = Drawing conclusions from premises Inferring = Understanding implications from observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Understanding Thinking

  • Thinking is a cognitive function that involves manipulating ideas, images, and mental representations.
  • It utilizes stored knowledge for tasks like remembering, imagining, problem-solving, and concept formation.
  • Humans rationalize problems by logically establishing relationships among concepts and forming opinions based on environmental evaluations.

Cognition and Knowledge Acquisition

  • The process of acquiring knowledge is termed cognition, influenced by cognitive functions such as attention and imagination.
  • Cognitive processes are managed by the cerebral cortex, highlighting their specificity to human beings.
  • Cognition utilizes concepts, facts, propositions, rules, and memories.

Nature of Thinking

  • Thinking can occur even during sleep, with awareness differentiating it from non-thinking activities.
  • It is a constructive process, transforming information into new representations and involving activities like inferring, abstracting, and creative thinking.

Problem-Solving Process

  • Problem-solving initiates thinking, which follows steps like judging, abstracting, inferring, and reasoning.
  • Decisions may depend on various factors like conditions of the environment, traffic situations, and safety considerations.

Concepts and Reasoning

  • Concepts categorize objects and events, allowing systematic organization of knowledge. They can infer behaviors but cannot be directly observed.
  • Reasoning, essential for logical thinking and problem-solving, involves drawing conclusions from facts and stored information. Two types of reasoning:
    • Deductive Reasoning: From general premises to specific conclusions (e.g., "All fruits have seeds, therefore mangoes have seeds").
    • Inductive Reasoning: From specifics to general conclusions, which may not always be empirically true (e.g., "Some good students love reading, thus good students may love reading").

Role of Problem-Solving

  • Problem-solving is integral to daily life, varying in complexity and duration. It uses both internal (mental) and external (social) resources to find solutions.
  • A mental set refers to the tendency to approach new problems with strategies that worked in the past, which may hinder innovative thinking.

Problem-Solving Strategies

  • Trial and Error: Involves testing multiple solutions until one works; often time-consuming.
  • Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions that guarantee the same outcome, often found in computing and like a recipe.
  • Heuristics: General problem-solving frameworks or mental shortcuts that expedite decision-making, though not always rational or accurate.

Conditions for Employing Heuristics

  • Heuristics are utilized under specific conditions:
    • When faced with excessive information.
    • When a decision must be made quickly.
    • For decisions deemed unimportant.
    • With limited information available.
    • When a familiar heuristic comes to mind.

Application of Heuristics

  • A common heuristic is breaking down large tasks into smaller steps, making daunting projects manageable (e.g., writing a long essay).
  • A "working backwards" approach focuses on the end result, assisting in effectively solving a problem.

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