Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is stress according to the Holmes & Rahe scale?
What is stress according to the Holmes & Rahe scale?
The change that challenges adaptability
Which system of the body is affected in the short term by stress?
Which system of the body is affected in the short term by stress?
_______ coping involves defensive mechanisms and is impaired by pathological defenses.
_______ coping involves defensive mechanisms and is impaired by pathological defenses.
Emotional
Match the following defensive mechanisms with their definitions:
Match the following defensive mechanisms with their definitions:
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Sensory deprivation can lead to increased pain sensitivity.
Sensory deprivation can lead to increased pain sensitivity.
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What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
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What are the Motivators according to the content?
What are the Motivators according to the content?
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What is the aim of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What is the aim of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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What are the factors that can affect personality according to the text?
What are the factors that can affect personality according to the text?
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Which components were believed to influence personal traits in ancient ages?
Which components were believed to influence personal traits in ancient ages?
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Cloninger proposed understanding personality through the "temperament-character" aspect.
Cloninger proposed understanding personality through the "temperament-character" aspect.
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Temperament is described as genetically predisposed, and character is the acquired __________ impact on our mind.
Temperament is described as genetically predisposed, and character is the acquired __________ impact on our mind.
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Match the ancient descriptions with the corresponding temperaments and components:
Match the ancient descriptions with the corresponding temperaments and components:
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According to Carl Rogers, what determines a person's behavior?
According to Carl Rogers, what determines a person's behavior?
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Cognitive approach explains individual behavior in a more subjective manner.
Cognitive approach explains individual behavior in a more subjective manner.
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What is the role of a therapist according to the humanistic approach?
What is the role of a therapist according to the humanistic approach?
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Who described observational learning?
Who described observational learning?
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How can personality be assessed according to the psychodynamic approach?
How can personality be assessed according to the psychodynamic approach?
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Study Notes
Stress, Emotions, and Motivation
Stress
- Stress is a change that challenges adaptability, measured by the Holmes & Rahe scale
- Short-term effects of stress: sympathetic over-activity
- Long-term effects of stress: increased cortisol
- Life events that can cause stress: loss, humiliation, entrapment
- Factors that determine the effect of stress: individual (physical, emotional, and mental state and expectations)
Coping with Stress
- Problem-solving, but impaired by cognitive errors (e.g. perfectionism, black and white thinking, catastrophization)
- Emotional coping (defensive mechanisms), but impaired by pathological defenses (e.g. denial, projection, repression)
Defensive Mechanisms
- Childish:
- Denial: don't see problems
- Distortion: problems seen as distorted
- Projection: see own problem in others
- Adolescent:
- Identification: imitate significant others
- Projective identification: provoke others to assume a role
- Act out: impulsive expression of unconscious wishes
- Passive aggression: expression of aggression by being passive
- Somatization: somatic symptoms symbolic to psychic state
- Pathological:
- Repression: exclude conflicts from awareness
- Dissociation: transient amnesia to an event or identity
- Isolate/split affect: avoid emotionality and focus on intellectual details
- Inhibition-undo: consciously limit impulse
- Displacement: direct unaccepted emotion to a weaker or lower rank person
- Reaction formation: express the opposite of an unaccepted emotion
- Rationalization: justify criminal behaviors
- Sexualization: give sexual meaning to non-sexual objects
- Mature:
- Anticipation: realistic plan for future inner discomfort
- Suppression: consciously delay impulse
- Sublimation: change unaccepted impulses to accepted ones
- Humor: comedy to express unaccepted impulses
- Altruism: gratified through others' happiness
- Asceticism: moral limit to base pleasure
Emotions
- Subjective experiences managing our responses
- The limbic system (limbic cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, diencephalon) is involved in emotions
- Theories of emotions:
- James-Lange: stimuli evoke physiologic response perceived as an emotional state
- Cannon-Bard: events evoke emotional state causing physiologic response
- Schachter-Singer: emotions are labeling of simultaneously physiologic and cognitive response
- Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory
- Plutchik: emotions aim for equilibrium
- Disorders of emotions:
- Expression as a physical symptom (conversion and somatization)
- Experience: reactivity of emotions is exaggerated (affective disorders)
- Quality of emotion is incongruent to situation (psychotic disorders)
- Quantity of emotions is blunt or even flat (psychotic disorders)
Motivation
- Initiating, guiding, and maintaining goal-oriented behavior
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs: basic needs at the bottom and higher level needs above
- Motivators:
- Instincts: universal inborn programmed behavioral patterns
- Drives reduction: internal tension relieved by desired behavior
- Incentives: external rewards
- Needs: humanist Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Disorders of motivation:
- Addiction: craving to seek pleasurable experience despite destructive consequences
- Amotivation syndrome: burn out of the brain reward system
Clinical Psychology
- Assessment, understanding, preventing, and managing psychological distress in clinical settings
- Psychometrics and neuropsychology: standardized tests (e.g. intelligence quotient, personality assessment, structured interview)
- Psychotherapies and counseling: approaches (psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic) and counseling (couple therapy, family therapy)
- Psychosomatics: study of mind-body relation
Mind-Body Relation
- Stress model: psychological stress affects the body (sympathetic nervous system, endocrinal and immune systems)
- Somatoform and pain model: perception of bodily symptoms is affected by psychological state
- Placebo effect: treatment effects, side effects, and placebo elicit the effect expected by the patient through autosuggestion
- Body affects the mind:
- The body's health influences the brain where mentation processes occur
- Coping with disabilities, chronic and terminal illnesses: stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
- Hospitalization and invasive maneuvers: disrupt daily life routine, privacy, and familiarity with the surrounding environment
Personality
- Personality is the characteristic behavioral trend of an individual with underlying thinking, affect, cognition, and perception.
Factors Affecting Personality
- Biological factors: Genetic, perinatal, medical, and geographic
- Psychosocial factors: Humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, and analytical
Biological Approach
- Ancient assumption: People were created from 4 components of the environment (Air, Water, Fire, and Dust)
- Later, these 4 components were substituted by body fluids (Yellow bile, Phlegm, Blood, and Black bile)
- Cloninger's temperament-character aspect:
- 4 temperaments: Reward dependent, Persistent, Novelty seeker, Harm avoidant
- Character: Acquired environmental impact on the mind and how we mature
Assessment Methods
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- Rating scales (Standard Assessment of Personality, SAP)
- Temperament Character Inventory (TCI)
- Neurophysiologic studies of different temperaments
Humanistic Approach
- Based on freedom of choice and subjective experiences
- Carl Rogers' postulates:
- What determines a person's behavior is self-concept, ideal self, and social image
- Cognitive consonance: Overlap of self-concept, ideal self, and social image
- Self-actualization: Development of full individuality with all aspects of personality in harmony
- Peak experience: Temporary, striving, non-self-centered state of perfection and goal attainment
- Therapist's role: Non-directive or client-centered
Cognitive Approach
- Similar to humanistic approach, but more scientific and precise
- Explains individual pattern of behavior as individual way of seeing ourselves and the world
- Concept: Mental representation (meaning) of object, set of percepts
- Schema: Set of concepts to form prototype (1st model of an object)
- Construct: Set of schemata that dominate our thinking
- Kelly's postulate: Each individual has their own constructs
- A repertory grid interview: Writes down or draws representation of own constructs of the world
- Rotter's postulate: Internal locality of control vs. external locus of control
- Seligman's claim: Depressed people have a learned helplessness
- Beck's claim: Depressed people have a triad of negative view of past, present, and future
Behavioral Approach
- Learning is the change in individual's behavior due to current present experience in the surrounding environment
- Individual pattern of behavior is influenced by stimuli from the surrounding environment
- Pavlov's theory: Our behavior is evoked by stimuli
- Skinner's theory: Behavior is modulated by environmental responses to our behaviors (trial and error)
- Bandura's observational learning
Psychodynamic Approach
- Individuality of behavior can be explained by past experiences during development
- Assessment methods:
- Word association test (WAT)
- Completions
- Choice/order
- Construct story (Thematic Appreciation Test, TAT)
- Rorschach inkblots
- Draw a man
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of stress, its effects on the body, and ways to cope with it. It also explores the relationship between stress and emotions, and motivation.
