Psychology of Socioeconomic Factors and Well-being
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Questions and Answers

What is the correlation between socioeconomic status and childhood success?

Higher socioeconomic status correlates with better childhood success.

How many words per hour do high socioeconomic children typically hear?

2100 words per hour

What does a low psychological age indicate?

  • Exceptional problem-solving skills
  • Underdeveloped emotional regulation abilities (correct)
  • Advanced emotional regulation abilities
  • High levels of emotional stability

    • What are cognitive distortions associated with?

    <p>Depression, anxiety, and anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep can alleviate anxiety and improve morning mood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does neurogenesis occur?

    <p>Only in the hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep deprivation can lead to cognitive decline and increased stress.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are active during REM sleep?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are necessary childhood experiences for development?

    <p>Language development, attachment, and self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAOA gene linked to?

    <p>Aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common compliance strategy that often escalates negotiation?

    <p>'Count to three'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are included in the Big Five Personality Traits?

    <p>Extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an internal locus of control indicate?

    <p>Belief in personal control over outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroticism in females tends to increase during puberty.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the risk of addiction?

    <p>Access to drugs and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of BDNF?

    <p>Promotes survival and maintenance of nerve cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aim to do?

    <p>Modify patients' thinking and behavior patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groups are considered vulnerable to behavioral risks?

    <p>Lower and middle-income adults and adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of optimism bias among people?

    <p>The percentage of people with optimism bias is significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormone is cortisol?

    <p>Hormone increased by stressors like trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endorphins?

    <p>Natural pain relievers produced by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter do anti-anxiety medications often target?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone facilitates social bonding in humans?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FASD stand for and what does it affect?

    <p>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, impairing brain development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myelin and what does it do?

    <p>Insulation for neurons enhancing impulse conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conduct disorder and what is it linked to?

    <p>Childhood disorder linked to criminality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sensitive period?

    <p>Broad learning opportunities for development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical period?

    <p>Broad learning opportunities for development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of the motivational triad?

    <p>Seek pleasure, avoid pain, conserve energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurons?

    <p>Cells transmitting electrical impulses in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is teratology?

    <p>Study of causes of birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is linked to Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and reward?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is physical development?

    <p>Growth and changes in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive development?

    <p>Mental processes and learning abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is psychosocial development?

    <p>Interactions between psychological and social factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary approach to development?

    <p>Development studied from an evolutionary perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the psychodynamic approach to development?

    <p>Focus on unconscious processes in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the behavioral approach to development?

    <p>Emphasis on observable behavior and stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the humanistic approach to development?

    <p>Focus on personal worth and human value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cognitive approach to development?

    <p>Study of mental processes and their impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Chemical messenger transmitting signals in the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thalidomide known for?

    <p>Sedative drug known as a teratogen affecting development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FASD stand for and what does it impair?

    <p>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, impairing brain development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oxytocin crucial for?

    <p>Hormone crucial for attachment and bonding processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cingulate cortex influence?

    <p>Brain region influencing pain perception and emotional response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is significantly impacted by marijuana use?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is GABA and what does it regulate?

    <p>Inhibitory neurotransmitter regulating neuronal excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glutamate and what is it involved in?

    <p>Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does norepinephrine affect?

    <p>Neurotransmitter affecting arousal and alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does serotonin regulate?

    <p>Regulates mood, sleep, and appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acetylcholine involved in?

    <p>Neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed self-actualization theory in psychology?

    <p>Carl Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed ethological theory focusing on evolution?

    <p>Charles Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the hierarchy of needs influencing motivation?

    <p>Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who formulated cognitive development theory in children?

    <p>Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed psychosocial stages of human development?

    <p>Erikson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced psychosexual stages of development?

    <p>Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who mapped the cerebral cortex for brain functions?

    <p>Wilder Penfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who pioneered social learning theory emphasizing observational learning?

    <p>Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed classical conditioning theory with dogs?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov, a physiologist, conducted groundbreaking research with dogs that led to the development of classical conditioning, a form of learning involving association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who formulated operant conditioning theory focusing on behavior?

    <p>Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are glial cells and what do they do?

    <p>Support neurons, provide nutrients, and maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps involved in neuron transmission?

    <p>Process includes synthesis, storage, release, binding, and deactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are dendrites and what do they do?

    <p>Receive signals from other neurons, facilitating communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the soma and what does it do?

    <p>Cell body maintaining neuron life and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the myelin sheath and what does it do?

    <p>Insulates axon, speeding up electrical impulse conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is REM sleep and what is it associated with?

    <p>Rapid eye movement sleep associated with vivid dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is non-REM sleep and what are its functions?

    <p>Sleep stage with restorative functions and less vivid dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Success

    • Higher socioeconomic status is linked to better outcomes in childhood.

    Word Exposure and Socioeconomic Factors

    • Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds hear approximately 2,100 words per hour.

    Low Psychological Age

    • Low psychological age typically points to difficulties in emotional regulation.

    Cognitive Distortions and Mental Health

    • Cognitive distortions contribute to issues like depression, anxiety, and anger.

    Sleep and Mental Well-being

    • Adequate sleep reduces anxiety and improves morning mood.

    Neurogenesis and Brain Structure

    • New neuron generation (neurogenesis) primarily happens in the hippocampus.

    Sleep Deprivation and Cognition

    • Lack of sleep negatively impacts cognitive function and increases stress.

    Active Brain Regions During REM Sleep

    • The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala are actively involved during REM sleep.

    Essential Childhood Experiences

    • Key developmental experiences include language acquisition, attachment, and self-regulation skills.

    MAOA Gene and Behavior

    • The MAOA gene is associated with aggression, and variations in the gene can impact behavior.

    Negotiation Strategies and Effectiveness

    • The "count to three" compliance strategy can often escalate negotiations.

    Big Five Personality Traits

    • The Big Five include extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

    Locus of Control: Internal vs. External

    • Internal locus of control means believing you control your outcomes.
    • External locus of control means believing luck determines your fate.

    Neuroticism and Puberty in Females

    • Neuroticism tends to increase in females during puberty, often linked to body image concerns.

    Risk Factors for Addiction

    • Increased access to drugs and alcohol is a substantial risk factor for addiction.

    BDNF and Nerve Cell Health

    • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the health and survival of nerve cells.

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

    • CBT modifies thoughts and behaviors to improve mental health.

    Vulnerable Groups for Behavioral Risks

    • Lower and middle-income adolescents and adults are more vulnerable to behavioral risks.

    Optimism Bias

    • A significant percentage of people exhibit an optimism bias.

    Cortisol and Stress Response

    • Cortisol levels increase in response to stressors like trauma.

    Endorphins and Pain Relief

    • Endorphins are natural pain relievers produced by the body.

    Serotonin and Anxiety

    • Serotonin is a neurotransmitter targeted by anti-anxiety medications.

    Oxytocin and Social Bonding

    • Oxytocin is a hormone essential for social bonding and attachment.

    Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

    • FASD impacts development due to prenatal alcohol exposure.

    Myelin and Neural Impulse Conduction

    • Myelin acts as insulation for neurons, accelerating impulse transmission.

    Conduct Disorder and Childhood

    • Conduct disorder in childhood is often linked to increased criminal tendencies.

    Sensitive and Critical Periods

    • Sensitive periods offer broad learning opportunities for development.
    • Critical periods are specific and narrow timeframes for learning.

    Motivational Triad

    • The motivational triad focuses on seeking pleasure, avoiding pain, and conserving energy.

    Neurons and Brain Function

    • Neurons are brain cells that transmit electrical impulses.

    Teratology Defined

    • Teratology is the study of birth defects.

    Acetylcholine and Alzheimer's

    • Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter linked to Alzheimer's disease.

    Dopamine and Reward System

    • Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and the reward system.

    Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Development

    • Physical development involves growth and changes in the body.
    • Cognitive development encompasses mental processes and learning.
    • Psychosocial development focuses on psychological and social interactions.

    Developmental Approaches

    • Evolutionary Approach: Studies development through an evolutionary lens.
    • Psychodynamic Approach: Focuses on unconscious processes in behavior.
    • Behavioral Approach: Emphasizes observable behaviors and stimuli.
    • Humanistic Approach: Emphasizes personal worth and human value.
    • Cognitive Approach: Studies mental processes and their implications.

    Neurotransmitter Functions

    • Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the nervous system.

    Thalidomide and Teratogenic Effects

    • Thalidomide is a known teratogen that negatively impacts development.

    Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

    • FASD is a detrimental impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on brain development.

    Oxytocin and Attachment

    • Oxytocin is essential for attachment and bonding behaviors.

    Cingulate Cortex and Emotional Response

    • The cingulate cortex influences pain perception and emotional responses.

    Dopamine and Marijuana Effects

    • Marijuana use significantly impacts the dopamine system.

    GABA and Neuronal Inhibition

    • GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter regulating neuronal activity.

    Glutamate and Cognitive Function

    • Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter crucial for cognitive functions.

    Norepinephrine and Arousal

    • Norepinephrine influences arousal and alertness.

    Serotonin and Mood Regulation

    • Serotonin regulates mood, sleep, and appetite.

    Acetylcholine and Memory

    • Acetylcholine is involved in muscle activation and memory.

    Carl Rogers and Self-Actualization

    • Carl Rogers developed theories related to self-actualization and motivation.

    Charles Darwin and Ethology

    • Charles Darwin proposed theories related to the evolutionary basis of development.

    Maslow and Hierarchy of Needs

    • Maslow created a hierarchy of needs influencing motivation.

    Piaget and Cognitive Development

    • Piaget formulated a theory regarding cognitive development in children.

    Erikson and Psychosocial Stages

    • Erikson developed a theory outlining the psychosocial stages of human development.

    Freud and Psychosexual Development

    • Freud proposed psychosexual stages of development.

    Penfield and Brain Mapping

    • Wilder Penfield mapped different functions in the cerebral cortex.

    Bandura and Social Learning Theory

    • Bandura's theory centers on social learning and observational learning.

    Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

    • Pavlov's research involved classical conditioning using dogs.

    Skinner and Operant Conditioning

    • Skinner's work explores operant conditioning focused on behavior.

    Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

    • Glial cells support neurons, provide nutrients, and maintain homeostasis.

    Neuron Transmission Process

    • Neuron transmission involves steps like synthesis, storage, release, binding, and deactivation.

    Dendrites, Soma, and Axon

    • Dendrites receive signals.
    • The soma is the cell body.
    • The axon transmits signals away from the soma.

    Myelin Sheath and Impulse Speed

    • Myelin sheaths insulate axons, increasing impulse transmission speed.

    REM and Non-REM Sleep

    • REM sleep is associated with dreams.
    • Non-REM sleep facilitates restoration and less vivid dreams.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the relationship between socioeconomic status, childhood success, and mental health. It covers various topics, including word exposure, cognitive distortions, and the impact of sleep on cognitive function and emotional regulation. Test your knowledge on how these factors contribute to overall well-being.

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