Ch6

<p>Figuring out the grammatical rules independently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pronouncing the sounds of the second language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ESL occurs in the community of the first language, while EFL occurs in a foreign community. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young children seem to pick up another language quickly through exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning rules by self-discovery and analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between sentences and how rules apply in different contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pronominalization, negation, and plural forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the structures are within the learner's syntactic understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explication provides direct explanations, while induction requires repeated exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory is essential for retaining connections between words and their meanings and is crucial to learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age at which the immigrants arrived in the United States. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age of initial exposure to a second language is inversely proportional to the likelihood of developing a native-like accent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning of simple Subject-Verb rules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>High (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adults over 12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing native-like pronunciation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They thrive in a natural environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>None of the age groups exhibit that combination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to apply explicit rules and knowledge to understand and produce language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaining confidence and improving their language skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classrooms offer a structured and isolated environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A director who initiates and guides linguistic activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subordination of individual behavior to group processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicitly studying grammatical structures and rules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning language as an academic subject. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immersive experiences integrated with daily life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having to consciously focus and concentrate for long periods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having native English speakers rate transcripts of their spontaneous speech. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earlier arrival correlated with better grammatical competence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early exposure to language, whether spoken or signed, strongly contributes to later success. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No significant differences were found between the two groups in test scores or syntactic judgement processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is generally accepted that there is no strict critical age for syntax acquisition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starting after pre-school is already too late for acquiring near-native phonology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No adult can ever be successful in sounding like a native speaker. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences are revealed in both grammar and pronunciation compared to native speakers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mastery of grammar and communication can be attained, but with a persistent accent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to include highly successful language learners in the subject selection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accentless pronunciation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By showing that adults could achieve native-like pronunciation with targeted training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zbigniew Brzezinski. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excluding advanced learners led to inaccurate conclusions about adult pronunciation capabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His strong accent can obscure the accuracy of his syntax. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A very high level of motivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to language structures slightly within the learner’s syntactic understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To actively analyze language exposure and derive underlying rules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is necessary for forming connections between language input and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When teaching simple rules that can be directly explained and understood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The learner must not only devise the rule but also determine how to apply it in varying contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing the sentence alongside relevant situations where the relationship is made clear. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing when 'he' refers to someone other than the preceding male noun in parallel sentence structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both adults and children acquire language using induction, but adults have additional cognitive strategies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of learning a language that is not one's native language.

Mental processes that influence language learning, such as memory and motivation.

External circumstances that impact language learning, like interactions and environments.

How individuals analyze and determine grammatical structures in a language.

The process of explaining language rules to a learner in their first language.

Learning language rules by figuring them out independently.

Learning a language through real-life interactions, like family or play.

Learning a language in a formal educational environment with instruction.

Basic language structure governing how subjects and verbs relate in sentences.

The process of replacing nouns with pronouns in sentences.

The grammatical process of forming negative statements.

Learning through repetition without deep understanding of meaning.

A condition that severely affects a person's ability to remember information.

The link between a word and the related real-life experiences or objects.

The age at which a person begins learning a second language, influencing accent.

Research showing younger immigrants have more native-like pronunciation.

Younger arrivals in the U.S. had near-native pronunciation compared to older arrivals.

The ability to make generalizations from specific examples, remains high with age.

Physical abilities used in speaking and language production, varies by age.

Includes inductive and explicative reasoning affecting second-language learning.

The act of actively engaging with others to improve language skills and gain confidence.

The decrease in opportunities to learn a language naturally as one grows older.

The classroom is a planned space separate from everyday social interactions where language learning occurs.

The teacher facilitates language learning by creating opportunities for communication and interaction.

Language learning in a classroom requires students to work together and follow procedures for collective benefit.

Language learning at home is more natural and integrated into daily life compared to the structured classroom setting.

The explicit teaching of grammatical rules and vocabulary in a planned educational setting.

Learning a language in school primarily focuses on systematic study through books and notes.

The time frame when it is easier to learn to speak a language without an accent, typically in childhood.

Describes adults who learned a second language after age 20 and retain an accent.

A US Secretary of State who speaks English with a German accent despite fluency.

A US Secretary of State from Poland known for a significant accent when speaking English.

A former Governor of California with a strong German accent despite near-native syntax.

The drive to learn a language, which can impact pronunciation success.

Research showing advanced learners can achieve native-like pronunciation if selected carefully.

A method that trained adults in pronunciation, resulting in some passing as native speakers.

The theory that there is a specific age range when language acquisition must occur for full proficiency.

Younger immigrants generally score higher in language proficiency than older ones when learning a new language.

Experiments where native speakers evaluate the language use of non-native speakers for grammaticality.

A level of language skill in second-language learners that closely resembles that of native speakers.

The concept that being exposed to a language at a young age aids in better language acquisition.

Research indicates that learners starting after puberty can still achieve high language proficiency.

The ability to learn the sound system of a language, often more challenging for older learners.

A method to assess how well non-native speakers can identify ungrammatical sentences in a language.