Psychology of Relationships Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main consequence of being in an under-benefiting relationship?

Long term anger and depression due to few rewards (correct)

Long term satisfaction and happiness

Long term guilt due to high rewards

Short term benefits with minimal costs

Which statement about Comparison Level of Alternatives (CL Alt) is accurate?

CL Alt is irrelevant in abusive relationships.

CL Alt is based solely on past relationship experiences.

CL Alt does not consider the cost of leaving a current relationship.

CL Alt includes the best perceived outcomes outside of the current relationship. (correct)

According to the evolutionary theory of sexual attraction, what is a major concern for men in mate selection?

Finding a partner who can provide emotional support.

Investing significant time and resources in parenting.

Ensuring that the child is definitely theirs. (correct)

Selecting a mate based on physical attractiveness alone.

What does the Golden 5-1 rule in relationships refer to?

Five positive things said for every one negative comment. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sarcasm generally have on relationships?

It negatively impacts relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences friendship formation in dorms and classrooms?

Proximity Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by low avoidance and high anxiety?

Preoccupied Attachment Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that relationships are most satisfying when both parties perceive similar cost-benefit ratios?

Equity Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style exhibits high avoidance and high anxiety?

Fearful Attachment Signup and view all the answers

In which theory does the level of self-disclosure influence the closeness of a relationship?

Social Penetration Theory Signup and view all the answers

What emotional experience is shaped by physiological arousal and its interpretation?

Two-factor Theory of Emotions Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon suggests that individuals experiencing anxiety are more likely to seek social affiliation?

Excitation Transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of love is characterized by a profound and unbreakable connection?

Compassionate Love Signup and view all the answers

What is instrumental aggression primarily used for?

As a tool to achieve a specific goal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes hostile aggression?

It is triggered by anger with the intent to cause harm. Signup and view all the answers

What does the frustration-aggression theory suggest?

Frustration can be a catalyst for aggressive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What can negatively impact a person's decision to intervene in an emergency situation?

Audience inhibition effect Signup and view all the answers

How does the cognitive-neoassociation model explain aggression?

It emphasizes the impact of memories on aggressive thoughts and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individuals help others to improve their own mood?

Negative state relief model Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the Bystander Intervention Model?

Something unusual happening? Signup and view all the answers

What impact does exposure to violent media have according to social learning theory?

It can immediately increase aggressive actions. Signup and view all the answers

What role do hormones, particularly testosterone, play in aggression?

Higher levels of testosterone correlate with increased aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What does the norm of social responsibility suggest?

We are obligated to help others in distress. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of altruistic helping?

Assisting a stranger in need without expecting anything in return. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes physical violence in relation to gender?

Men generally exhibit more physical violence than women. Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the belief that people deserve their circumstances?

Just-world belief Signup and view all the answers

How is culture related to expressions of aggression?

Cultural context can influence how aggression is expressed. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the expectation that helping others leads to being helped in return?

Reciprocal altruism Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior involves helping others for personal gain?

Egoistic helping Signup and view all the answers

What triggers attempts to help others for altruistic reasons according to Batson's Empathy Altruism Model?

Emotional empathy Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bystander intervention, what is the concept of pluralistic ignorance?

Assuming no one else is concerned and thus not responding Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Comparison Theory, people use others to:

Assess their own societal status Signup and view all the answers

What does the Matching Hypothesis propose about attraction?

Individuals are attracted to those with similar characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Normative Social Influence?

Adhering to social norms to be accepted by peers Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to a diffusion of responsibility in emergencies?

The presence of multiple bystanders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for interpersonal relationships, according to Social Exchange Theory?

The rewards exceed the costs Signup and view all the answers

Which factor could influence attraction, based on the Fundamental Affiliation Needs?

Evolutionary perspectives on companionship Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aggression

Aggression is any behavior intended to cause harm.
Instrumental aggression uses aggression as a tool to achieve a goal (e.g., robbing a store).
Hostile aggression is triggered by anger and aims to harm someone or something.
Indirect aggression is more subtle, using manipulation (e.g., gossip).
Some suggest aggression stems from irritation, rumination, or susceptibility.
Frustration-Aggression Theory suggests frustration fuels aggression.
Catharsis is the idea that acting aggressively reduces aggression.
Cognitive-Neoassociation Model posits that aggressive thoughts and behaviors are inspired by memories. There's also a correlation between hot weather and hostility, and the presence of firearms can trigger hostility.

Social Learning Theory proposes that people learn aggression by repeating actions of others.
Children who observed aggressive adults were more likely to act aggressively, mimicking a script they learned.

Causes of Aggression

Hormonal Effects: Testosterone is linked to aggression, found in animals and humans. Higher levels are correlated with aggression in prisoners.
Violent Media: Exposure to violent media can increase aggression immediately afterwards and long-term, with males potentially being more affected.
Culture of Honor: The belief that men must be protective of their honor can lead to greater violence.

Frustration-Aggression Theory.

We are more likely to be aggressive if we become frustrated, even by small things.
The excitation transfer process describes how negative arousal can make an individual more likely to respond with aggression to an unfolding, frustrating event.

Chapter 12: Prosocial Behavior

Prosocial Behavior includes voluntary actions to help others.
Egoistic helping involves assisting to gain something in return.
Altruistic helping is assistance without expecting a reward.
Reciprocal helping is helping with the hope of future favors.
The norm of social responsibility dictates helping those in need.
The norm of social justice suggests we should only help those who deserve it, and may involve discriminating against certain groups.
Personal distress refers to feeling anxious or distressed when witnessing others in need, often connected with a sense of empathy
Bystander Intervention Model (a 5-step model) helps determine if someone should step in.

Audience Inhibition Effect.

Bystanders may be reluctant to intervene due to fear of judgment if the situation is not an emergency.
Positive moods increase helping behavior, as do low levels of negative mood.

People evaluate themselves by comparing themselves with others, which influences our view of our social standing
Social Exchange Theory posits relationships exist because the rewards outweigh the costs.
Matching Hypothesis: People tend to form relationships with others similar to themselves; proximity, similarity, and familiarity are key factors influencing attraction

Bystander Intervention

Kitty Genovese case highlights the diffusion of responsibility, which is when people feel less obligated to act when others are present.
The White Smoke study shows the impact of pluralistic ignorance and normative social influence on bystander intervention.
Normative Social Influence is when people want to fit in and avoid being perceived as odd.

Darley & Latane: Helping and Seizures

Diffusion of responsibility describes how people are less likely to act when others are present.
Lifeguards are trained to assign someone to call 911 in specific cases
We might not feel capable of helping in certain situations (e.g., not being medical professionals)

Attraction

Proximity and familiarity influence attraction, people we see frequently are more likely to become friends.
Similarity in attitudes, beliefs, and values also fosters attraction.

Chapter 10: Intimate Relationships

Attachment theory details the strong relationship between infants and caregivers.
Secure, preoccupied, dismissing-avoidant, and fearful attachments vary in avoidance and anxiety levels.
Social Penetration Theory: Relationships develop by increasing self-disclosure.
Passionate love is an intense longing
Two-factor Theory of Emotions explains that emotions are based on physiological arousal and labeling that arousal.

Compassionate Love.

Compassionate Love is enduring and deep, and can not be easily broken.
Equity theory suggests satisfying relationships have an equal cost-benefit ratio for both partners.

Comparison Levels & Alternatives (CL/CL Alt)

Comparison Level (CL) is the expected outcome of a relationship.
Comparison Level of Alternatives (CL Alt) is the estimated outcome from an alternative relationship. These factors can influence relationship satisfaction and decisions.

Cost of Relationships & Evolutionary Theory

The costs of a relationship, such as social and material changes, are a part of considering different relationship options.
Evolutionary theory suggests mate selection (successful offspring) and the costs to a species. Sexual Selection/Parental Investment Model looks at investment considerations to ensure mate selection.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the intricacies of relationships with this engaging quiz. Explore key concepts such as attachment styles, relationship satisfaction, and the effects of communication techniques. Ideal for students of relationship psychology and interpersonal communication.