Psychology of Obedience and Authority
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Questions and Answers

What location did Milgram initially choose for his obedience experiment?

  • Harvard University
  • Research Associates Ltd
  • Yale University (correct)
  • Stanford University

Milgram successfully gained informed consent from all participants before the experiment.

False (B)

What was the primary reason for the significant drop in obedience when Milgram changed the setting of his experiment?

The prestige of the setting was diminished.

Milgram referred to his experimental setting as __________ when he moved from Yale University.

<p>Research Associates Ltd</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes of Milgram's study with their percentages:

<p>Glad to participate = 84% Neither glad nor sorry = 15% Sorry to have participated = 1.3% Learned something of importance = 74%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical issue arose related to participant withdrawal during the Milgram experiment?

<p>Participants felt it was difficult to withdraw. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Milgram provided participants a debriefing after the experiments were concluded.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Milgram, what percentage of participants felt they learned something of personal importance from the study?

<p>74%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Milgram's study revealed that participants believed they may have __________ another person.

<p>injured or killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Milgram use to gather feedback from participants after the experiment?

<p>Questionnaire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the agentic state?

<p>A state where individuals carry out orders as agents for another person (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Milgram's study indicated that all participants obeyed orders without hesitation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define legitimacy of authority.

<p>The power held by the person giving the instruction, often based on social roles and status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Milgram's experiment showed that __% of participants administered the full 450 volts.

<p>65</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Agentic state = Acting as an agent for another person Legitimacy of authority = Power held by an instructing individual Autonomous individuals = Aware of consequences of their actions Agentic shift = Transition from autonomy to acting as an agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor did Milgram find affected levels of obedience?

<p>Proximity of the teacher and learner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agentic shift is the process of moving from being an agent to an autonomous individual.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to obedience levels when legitimate authority is reduced?

<p>Obedience levels decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obedience is following an order to carry out an ___.

<p>action</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with their outcomes based on Milgram's experiments:

<p>Teacher could hear but not see the learner = High levels of obedience Experimenter in the room = Full adherence to orders Teacher and learner in the same room = Lower levels of obedience Experimenter giving orders over the phone = Significant drop in obedience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Obedience

Following an order to carry out an action. Orders are usually given by individuals with power or authority.

Agentic State

A state where an individual follows the orders of another person, acting as their agent with minimal personal responsibility.

Agentic Shift

The transition from operating as an independent individual to acting as an agent for another person, usually an authority figure.

Legitimacy of Authority

The power held by the person giving an instruction, often based on their social role or status.

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Power and Social Roles

Power is often associated with social roles, and those with more power may have greater influence over others.

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Proximity in Obedience

The physical distance between the person giving the order and the person carrying it out can influence obedience.

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Milgram's Experiment

A famous experiment exploring obedience to authority, where participants were instructed to deliver electric shocks to a learner.

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Reduced Authority and Obedience

Lowering the perceived authority of the person giving the order can decrease obedience.

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Milgram's Experiment: Variation

Milgram modified his experiment by changing the proximity of the teacher and learner, observing how this impacted obedience.

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The Importance of Context

The context of a situation, including the presence or absence of an authority figure, can significantly influence obedience.

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Setting's Influence

The environment or context of an experiment can affect participant behavior. Milgram found obedience levels decreased when the experiment moved from prestigious Yale University to a less prestigious office.

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Presumptive Consent

An attempt to obtain consent before an experiment by seeking expert opinions or predictions, even though the participants themselves did not know what they were consenting to.

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Ethical Concerns

Questions raised about the morality and ethical treatment of participants in experiments, particularly when potential harm or coercion is involved.

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Informed Consent

The process of participants being fully informed about the risks and benefits of an experiment before agreeing to participate.

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Withdrawal

The participant's right to stop participating in an experiment at any time, without penalty or pressure.

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Psychological Harm

The potential for psychological distress, anxiety, or trauma experienced by participants in experiments due to the nature of the procedures.

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Debriefing

The process of informing participants about the true nature and goals of an experiment after it is completed, addressing any misunderstandings or concerns.

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Post-Experiment Follow-up

Checking on participants after an experiment to assess their well-being, gather feedback, and understand the long-term impacts of the study.

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Study Notes

Obedience

  • Obedience is following orders to carry out an action.
  • Orders are typically given by powerful figures or authorities.

The Agentic State

  • Agentic state: The state in which a person carries out the orders of another, with limited personal responsibility.
  • Agentic shift: A shift from acting autonomously to acting as an agent for another individual, usually an authority figure.
  • Milgram argued that people can act differently depending on the situation.
    • Autonomous individuals are aware of their actions' consequences
    • Individuals can act as agents of others, especially those in positions of power or authority.

Legitimacy of Authority

  • Legitimacy of authority refers to the power held by the person giving instructions.
  • Most societies organize hierarchically, and certain members hold power over others.
  • Legitimate power is often associated with social roles and influence.
  • From childhood, social interactions teach us that obedience to authority is acceptable.
  • This may stem from trust in authority or fear of punishment, harm, or exclusion.
  • Milgram's experiment showed the power of authority, with 65% of participants administering the highest voltage level.
  • A repeat of the experiment in New York, reduced obedience levels to 50%.
  • Reduced authoritative figures correlate with lower levels of obedience.

Variables Affecting Obedience

  • Proximity: The physical closeness of the teacher and learner affected obedience.
    • Separated rooms reduced participants' feelings of responsibility when they couldn't see the learner's distress.
    • Bringing the learner into closer proximity increased participants' responsibility and thus, lessened obedience to the shocks.
    • Putting the learner in the same room resulted in the lowest levels of obedience.
  • Location: The environment can influence obedience levels.
    • The setting of the experiment (Yale University) seemed to increase the legitimacy of authority, influencing higher obedience levels.
    • Moving the experiment to a less prestigious location decreased obedience.

Ethical Issues in the Obedience Study

  • Participants were not given informed consent.
  • They were pressured to continue the experiment.
  • Participants believed they might seriously harm or injure another person.
  • This could cause lasting psychological harm to the participants.

Milgram's Response to Ethical Criticisms

  • Milgram argued that he attempted to gain pre-experiment approval by obtaining predictions from the psychological community.
  • Milgram stressed that participants could reject authority.
  • Participants were thoroughly debriefed and the learner was made known to be unharmed after the study.

After the Experiment

  • Milgram surveyed over 1000 participants; 92% responded.
  • 84% were glad or very glad they participated.
  • 15% were neutral.
  • 1.3% were sorry or very sorry they participated.
  • 74% found that it had personal significance or importance.

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Related Documents

Obedience Presentation PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of obedience and the agentic state in psychology through this quiz. Understand how individuals respond to authority figures and the implications of legitimacy in social hierarchies. Delve into Milgram's theories and the dynamics of power in society.

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