Psychology of Learning Final Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is classical conditioning?

  • One of two primary ways learning occurs (correct)
  • A method of operant conditioning
  • A form of cognitive development
  • None of the above

    • Psychology is ______________ & _______________

    philosophy and physiology

    What is positivism?

    A school of philosophy that believed truth was determined by mutual agreement on an event.

    Who is Gustav Fechner?

    <p>A German psychologist known for his work in psychophysics and the book 'Elements of Psychophysics'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is William Wundt known for?

    <p>He is known as the 'Father of Modern Psychology' and opened the first psychology lab in 1879.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does evolutionary theory influence modern psychology?

    <p>It explains similarities among species, allowing research on non-humans to be related to human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four antecedents of behaviorism in the early 1900s?

    <p>Evolutionary theory, British empiricism, Americans' hope for practical psychology, positivism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is psychology considered scientific?

    <p>Because it uses recognized scientific research methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is behavior?

    <p>Any action that can be counted or measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-control and willpower are examples of /_

    <p>labels / tautology argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three criteria to determine if learning has occurred?

    <p>Change in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Watson in psychology?

    <p>The father of behaviorism, who believed observable behavior was all psychology should study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some important behaviorists?

    <p>Watson, Skinner, Tolman, Hull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Tolman believe?

    <p>That internal cognitive events between a stimulus and response caused the response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hull's view on internal events?

    <p>He believed internal events were physiological, emphasizing drive reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is overt behavior?

    <p>Behavior that can be measured by others, such as running.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is covert behavior?

    <p>Behavior that can only be measured by the person doing it, such as worrying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are functional relations?

    <p>Cause-and-effect relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are motivational operations?

    <p>Environmental events that affect the aversiveness or appetitiveness of a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contingency?

    <p>The predictive relation between events that produces better learning than contiguity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contiguity?

    <p>The number of times that two events are paired together in space or time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two ways to behaviorally define 'bravery'?

    <p>Public speaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deprivation increases ________________

    <p>appetitiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Satiation increases __________________

    <p>aversiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ABA/ABAB/ABAC/ABACABCA designs?

    <p>Types of small-N designs used to focus on cause-and-effect relations in behavioral research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why prefer AB designs over reversal designs?

    <p>Due to time/resources and potential ethical concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multiple baseline designs (MBD)?

    <p>Small-N designs across settings, behaviors, or subjects to establish functional relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does across settings MBD focus on?

    <p>It examines rates of behavior in different contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Theories

    • Classical conditioning involves a stimulus eliciting a response due to association with another stimulus.
    • Operant conditioning is the second primary method of learning.
    • Learning is scientifically studied through recognized methods.

    Foundations of Psychology

    • Psychology combines principles of philosophy and physiology.
    • Positivism asserts that "truth" is based on collective agreement about events.

    Important Figures

    • Gustav Fechner contributed to psychophysics and wrote "Elements of Psychophysics" in the mid-1800s.
    • William Wundt, known as the "Father of Modern Psychology," opened the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig in 1879.

    Evolutionary Theory and Behaviorism

    • Evolutionary theory explains similarities among species, allowing research on non-human animals to inform human behavior.
    • Antecedents of behaviorism include evolutionary theory, British empiricism, societal hopes for psychology's usefulness, and positivism.

    Behavioral Concepts

    • Behavior is defined as any measurable action, including mental processes (e.g., thinking, running).
    • Self-control and willpower are described as labels and part of the tautology argument.
    • Evidence of learning includes changes in behavior that are permanent and result from experience.

    Key Behaviorists

    • John Watson is considered the father of behaviorism, advocating the study of observable behavior only.
    • Important behaviorists include Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward Tolman, and Clark Hull.

    Types of Behavior

    • Overt behavior is observable by others (e.g., running).
    • Covert behavior is measurable only by the individual performing the action (e.g., worrying).

    Behavioral Science Principles

    • Functional relations refer to cause-and-effect relationships.
    • Motivational operations are environmental events impacting the desirability of stimuli (e.g., hunger).
    • Contingency indicates the predictive relationship that enhances learning compared to mere contiguity (the frequency of event pairing).

    Learning and Motivation

    • Deprivation heightens appetitiveness (e.g., food becomes more desirable when hungry).
    • Satiation increases aversiveness (e.g., food is less desirable after overeating).

    Research Designs

    • ABA/ABAB/ABAC designs are small-N designs focusing on individual behaviors to establish functional relations.
    • Reversal designs (ABAB) allow analysts to assess treatment impacts effectively.
    • Multiple baseline designs (MBD) stagger the introduction of treatment across different settings, behaviors, or subjects to discern functional relationships.

    Ethics in Research

    • Choosing AB over reversal designs involves considering time, resources, and ethical implications, particularly regarding withholding effective treatments.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of classical conditioning and the fundamentals of psychology. This set of flashcards covers essential definitions and philosophical schools related to learning. Perfect for exam preparation in the psychology of learning course.

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