Psychology of Jury Decision-Making and Ant Behavior

<p>To influence each other's perceptions of guilt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decoys can lead ants to favor nest B over nest A. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ants make rational decisions independent of decoys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nest B, because it appears better with the decoys. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual choices can differ greatly among ants due to environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choice overload leads to less optimal outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributed to the worst aviation accident on land. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference in authority rankings among crew members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may compel individuals to ignore their doubts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The importance of junior crew's input in decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their desire for acceptance from peers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They risk undermining critical feedback systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ignoring his own doubts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groupthink (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidance of criticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homogeneous teams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wisdom of the crowd (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to unanimous decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diverse opinions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower punishment for guilt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups tend to have better reasoning than individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups of individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>9.4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They neglect to turn over the cards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discussion allows for pooling of knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups typically outperform individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups do better than the best individual in the group, except for groups of 2. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothesis is false. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must start with one. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The need for less data to make informed decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It boosts the accuracy of the group's best member. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Once. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups outperform individuals, especially if they consist of more than two members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A phenomenon observed in jury decision-making where initial individual ratings of guilt tend to polarize after group discussion.

The tendency for juries to rate defendants as more guilty after group discussion, especially in cases with a high initial perceived guilt.

The study divided participants into groups of 6, with each group discussing 4 high-guilt and 4 low-guilt traffic felony cases.

The study involved rating 8 traffic felony cases (4 high guilt and 4 low guilt). Half of the cases were discussed in groups, while the other half were not.

The study aimed to observe the effects of group discussion on juror ratings of guilt, particularly in cases with high initial perceived guilt.

The tendency to conform to the actions of others, even when it contradicts personal judgment, to avoid social exclusion.

A study by Solomon Asch in 1956 that demonstrated the power of conformity. Participants were asked to identify the length of a line, but were influenced by a group of confederates who gave incorrect answers.

The tendency to defer to authority figures, even when it leads to potentially dangerous or incorrect decisions.

The Tenerife airport disaster (1977) where a KLM plane took off despite the runway not being clear. The co-pilot doubted the captain's decision but did not challenge him due to authority bias.

The relationship between an individual's rank and the likelihood of them challenging authority. Higher-ranking individuals are less likely to be challenged by lower-ranking individuals.

A study that found that pilots of lower rank were less likely to report concerns about safety to senior pilots.

Conformity and authority bias can lead to poor decision-making, often with disastrous consequences.

In a hierarchical setting, it is crucial to encourage open communication and questioning of authority to prevent errors and promote safety.

Individual ants, when presented with two options, are more likely to choose the better (darker) option, especially if presented with a decoy option that is worse than the better option.

When a colony of ants make a decision, they are less likely to be swayed by decoys, resulting in a more rational collective choice. This indicates the colony's decision-making is more robust even if individual ants are affected by decoys.

Individual ants' choices are influenced by the presence of decoys. For instance, if a decoy option is presented, the ants are likely to choose the better option over the worse option (even if the better option is already preferred).

In the ant colony, information is shared between individuals based on their direct observations without information being dependent on each other. This results in a more robust decision-making process.

An ant colony can make rational decisions even though individual ants might be susceptible to irrational choices. This is because individual ants' actions are influenced by collective information rather than swayed by individual biases.

People collectively reason better than individually, resulting in improved decision-making.

The tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions (either more risky or conservative) compared to individuals.

A study designed to investigate how group discussion influences individual judgments of guilt in legal cases.

A mental shortcut that helps people make quick decisions, but can lead to biased judgments.

A common cognitive bias where people overestimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily they can recall similar instances.

The tendency for people to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs, while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence.

A specific type of cognitive heuristic where people estimate the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches their mental prototype or stereotype.

A process in which individuals adjust their opinions and behaviors to match the perceived norms of a group.

A psychological phenomenon where group members prioritize consensus over critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making due to an illusion of invulnerability, self-censorship, and an unquestioning acceptance of group beliefs.

A study procedure that involves a group of participants rating the guilt of defendants in traffic felony cases.

Group members' desire for agreement and conformity overrides individual critical thinking, leading to a sense of invulnerability, self-censorship, and the silencing of dissenting voices.

The tendency in groupthink for members to censor their own doubts and opinions to avoid conflict or criticism, leading to an illusion of unanimous agreement.

Groups that are overly homogenous and lacking diverse perspectives are more susceptible to groupthink, as members are more likely to share similar beliefs and values, leading to reduced critical thinking.

Group decisions involving high levels of initial perceived guilt are more likely to lead to higher guilt ratings after discussion, especially in groups prone to groupthink.

Jurors who initially rated a defendant as highly guilty are more likely to increase those ratings after group discussion, influenced by the group's consensus and heightened sense of guilt.

A study that examines the effect of group discussion on juror ratings of guilt.

The observation that jury ratings of guilt often become more polarized after group discussion.

Juror ratings of guilt can be influenced by the group's initial consensus, where early agreement can amplify shared perceptions and lead to a stronger sense of conviction.

A study that shows the impact of group dynamics on decision-making, especially in situations involving legal judgments.