Psychology of Human Development and Education
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of development psychologists?

  • To develop a comprehensive theory of intelligence
  • To identify the genetic disorders in humans
  • To study the physical development of humans
  • To understand the growth and development of humans from conception to old age (correct)

    • What is the characteristic of growth and development that implies it proceeds from general to specific?

  • Cephalocaudal development
  • Growth is characterized by critical periods
  • Proximodistal development (correct)
  • Growth is a continuous process

    • What determines the sex of a fetus during prenatal development?

  • Genetic factors (correct)
  • Environmental factors
  • Maternal diseases
  • Nutrition during pregnancy

    • What is the term for the study of the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome characterized by an extra X chromosome in males (XXY)?

    <p>Klinefelter syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what stage of prenatal development does the fertilized egg begin to divide and grow?

    <p>Germinal state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept that growth and development are influenced by environmental factors?

    <p>Epigenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and development of the brain?

    <p>Neuropsychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a zygote develops into a fetus?

    <p>Embrogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period of rapid physical growth and development that occurs during adolescence?

    <p>Growth spurt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an ovum with X being fertilized by a sperm with X?

    <p>A female zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the sex of a child?

    <p>The Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are present in the nucleus of each human cell?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of genes in hereditary transmission?

    <p>To act as blueprints for cells to reproduce themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an ovum with X being fertilized by a sperm with Y?

    <p>A male zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chromosomes in hereditary transmission?

    <p>They contain the genetic substance DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Genetic/hereditary transmission process?

    <p>A complicated process that is a matter of probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of genes combining to determine our characteristics?

    <p>Some genes are dominant over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a visual learner?

    <p>They process information through images and diagrams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting learning readiness?

    <p>Learning style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what is the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's theory, what is the stage of cognitive development characterized by the use of symbols and language to represent the world?

    <p>Preoperational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of building learning readiness?

    <p>To create a conducive learning environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of classical conditioning that involves the retrieval of a previously learned response?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Down syndrome?

    <p>An extra copy of the 21st chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the critical period of prenatal development?

    <p>Increased vulnerability to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of a child born with Down syndrome?

    <p>Extraordinary intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of knowing about inherited abnormalities?

    <p>It provides insight into how complex genetic interactions affect normal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of Down syndrome births accounted for by pregnancies of women over age 35?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of the 21st chromosome?

    <p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period is the organism especially vulnerable to environmental changes?

    <p>First three months of prenatal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of Down syndrome in live births?

    <p>1 in 1,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on the development of a child's personality during infancy and toddlerhood?

    <p>Mother's attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Ghanaian traditional religion, what is the role of a father's spirit in shaping a child's personality?

    <p>It is very important for the protection of the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why emotions are important in a child's life?

    <p>They facilitate motivated behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when a child is separated from their mother or caregiver?

    <p>They develop anxiety and feelings of rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that playing with others influences a child's personality?

    <p>It helps them develop a sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of babies that influences their sense of self?

    <p>They develop a sense of self when they see themselves among other children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome for children who live in an environment with a lot of noise and violence?

    <p>They develop fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quote that implies that all humans are connected to each other and that these connections make us who we are?

    <p>No man is an island, every man is a part of the main</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • The authors are grateful to God for guiding them in writing the book
    • The book is dedicated to students who took Psychology of Human Development and Education
    • The authors thank Ms. Sally Adzaku, Mr. Nicholas Yeboah, Mr. Alfred Alunga Anovunga, and Ms. Veronica Eggley for their assistance in editing the book

    Development, Growth, and Maturation

    • Goals of Development Psychologists: to understand human development and its application to real-life situations
    • The major domains of development: physical, cognitive, social, and emotional
    • Relevance of Development Psychology: to help individuals understand themselves and others, and to apply this knowledge to improve human development

    Principles of Human Growth and Development

    • Cephalocaused and proximadistal development: growth and development occur from head to toe and from general to specific
    • Growth and development proceed from general to specific
    • Growth is a continuous process
    • Growth is characterized by critical periods
    • Development depends on maturation and learning
    • There are individual rates of growth and development (Asynchronous)
    • Growth is influenced by environmental factors

    Stages of Prenatal Development

    • Germinal state of the zygote: 1-2 weeks
    • The embryonic period: 2-8 weeks
    • What develops during the embryonic period: major organs and body systems
    • The foetal period: 9 weeks to birth
    • The birthday process: Labour and delivery
    • Determinations of sex: genetic and hormonal factors
    • Problems during prenatal development: inherited abnormalities and environmental problems

    Genetic Disorders

    • Basic principles of genetics: genes, chromosomes, and DNA
    • Inherited abnormalities: autosomal, sex-linked, and chromosomal disorders
    • Examples of genetic disorders: Phenylketonuria (PKU), Rhesus factor, Sickle-cell anemia, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome
    • Educational importance of inherited abnormalities: understanding normal development, appreciating affected individuals, and reducing consequences

    Physical Development

    • Early childhood: 0-6 years
    • Physical appearance: rapid growth and development
    • Middle childhood: 6-12 years
    • Physical appearance: steady growth and refinement of motor skills
    • Adolescent girls and boys: significant physical changes

    Personality, Social, and Emotional Development

    • What is personality: stable but unique characteristics of an individual
    • Personality in infancy and toddlerhood: mother's influence, father's influence, and emotional development
    • Emotions in a child's life: fear, anxiety, anger, and frustration
    • Playing is important in personality development: sense of self and social development

    Cognitive Development

    • The sensorimotor state (0-2 years): perception, memory, and problem-solving
    • Intuitive or preoperational thought (2-7 years): egocentrism and symbolic thinking
    • Concrete operations (7-11 years): logical thinking and problem-solving
    • Schema, assimilation, and accommodation: adapting to new information
    • Applying Piaget's ideas to education: constructivist learning and active learning

    Learning

    • What is learning: acquiring new knowledge and skills
    • Factors affecting learning readiness: motivation, attention, and prior knowledge
    • Ways of building learning readiness: creating a conducive learning environment, setting goals, and providing feedback

    Classical Conditioning

    • Terminology and procedures: Ivan Pavlov's experiment, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
    • Processes of classical conditioning: association and extinction
    • Educational implications of classical conditioning: understanding learning and behavior, and applying conditioning principles to instruction

    Operant Conditioning

    • Examples of operant conditioning: B.F. Skinner's experiment, reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
    • Processes and procedures in operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment
    • Applications of operant conditioning: behavior modification, behavior therapy, and instruction
    • Educational implications of operant conditioning: understanding learning and behavior, and applying conditioning principles to instruction.

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    Description

    This book is a comprehensive guide to psychology of human development and education, covering various topics and concepts. It is designed to help students understand the subject matter. The authors express gratitude to God and their students who have contributed to the development of this book.

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