Psychology of Human Development and Education

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of development psychologists?

To develop a comprehensive theory of intelligence

To identify the genetic disorders in humans

To study the physical development of humans

To understand the growth and development of humans from conception to old age (correct)

What is the characteristic of growth and development that implies it proceeds from general to specific?

Cephalocaudal development

Growth is characterized by critical periods

Proximodistal development (correct)

Growth is a continuous process

What determines the sex of a fetus during prenatal development?

Genetic factors (correct)

Environmental factors

Maternal diseases

Nutrition during pregnancy

What is the term for the study of the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome characterized by an extra X chromosome in males (XXY)?

Klinefelter syndrome Signup and view all the answers

During what stage of prenatal development does the fertilized egg begin to divide and grow?

Germinal state Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the concept that growth and development are influenced by environmental factors?

Epigenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the structure, function, and development of the brain?

Neuropsychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a zygote develops into a fetus?

Embrogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period of rapid physical growth and development that occurs during adolescence?

Growth spurt Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an ovum with X being fertilized by a sperm with X?

A female zygote Signup and view all the answers

What determines the sex of a child?

The Y chromosome Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are present in the nucleus of each human cell?

46 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of genes in hereditary transmission?

To act as blueprints for cells to reproduce themselves Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an ovum with X being fertilized by a sperm with Y?

A male zygote Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chromosomes in hereditary transmission?

They contain the genetic substance DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the Genetic/hereditary transmission process?

A complicated process that is a matter of probability Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of genes combining to determine our characteristics?

Some genes are dominant over others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a visual learner?

They process information through images and diagrams. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting learning readiness?

Learning style Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget's theory, what is the stage of cognitive development characterized by the use of symbols and language to represent the world?

Preoperational stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of building learning readiness?

To create a conducive learning environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of classical conditioning that involves the retrieval of a previously learned response?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Down syndrome?

An extra copy of the 21st chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the critical period of prenatal development?

Increased vulnerability to environmental changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of a child born with Down syndrome?

Extraordinary intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of knowing about inherited abnormalities?

It provides insight into how complex genetic interactions affect normal development Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of Down syndrome births accounted for by pregnancies of women over age 35?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of the 21st chromosome?

Trisomy 21 Signup and view all the answers

During which period is the organism especially vulnerable to environmental changes?

First three months of prenatal development Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of Down syndrome in live births?

1 in 1,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on the development of a child's personality during infancy and toddlerhood?

Mother's attachment Signup and view all the answers

According to the Ghanaian traditional religion, what is the role of a father's spirit in shaping a child's personality?

It is very important for the protection of the child Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why emotions are important in a child's life?

They facilitate motivated behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when a child is separated from their mother or caregiver?

They develop anxiety and feelings of rejection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that playing with others influences a child's personality?

It helps them develop a sense of self Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of babies that influences their sense of self?

They develop a sense of self when they see themselves among other children Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome for children who live in an environment with a lot of noise and violence?

They develop fear Signup and view all the answers

What is the quote that implies that all humans are connected to each other and that these connections make us who we are?

No man is an island, every man is a part of the main Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

The authors are grateful to God for guiding them in writing the book
The book is dedicated to students who took Psychology of Human Development and Education
The authors thank Ms. Sally Adzaku, Mr. Nicholas Yeboah, Mr. Alfred Alunga Anovunga, and Ms. Veronica Eggley for their assistance in editing the book

Development, Growth, and Maturation

Goals of Development Psychologists: to understand human development and its application to real-life situations
The major domains of development: physical, cognitive, social, and emotional
Relevance of Development Psychology: to help individuals understand themselves and others, and to apply this knowledge to improve human development

Principles of Human Growth and Development

Cephalocaused and proximadistal development: growth and development occur from head to toe and from general to specific
Growth and development proceed from general to specific
Growth is a continuous process
Growth is characterized by critical periods
Development depends on maturation and learning
There are individual rates of growth and development (Asynchronous)
Growth is influenced by environmental factors

Stages of Prenatal Development

Germinal state of the zygote: 1-2 weeks
The embryonic period: 2-8 weeks
What develops during the embryonic period: major organs and body systems
The foetal period: 9 weeks to birth
The birthday process: Labour and delivery
Determinations of sex: genetic and hormonal factors
Problems during prenatal development: inherited abnormalities and environmental problems

Genetic Disorders

Basic principles of genetics: genes, chromosomes, and DNA
Inherited abnormalities: autosomal, sex-linked, and chromosomal disorders
Examples of genetic disorders: Phenylketonuria (PKU), Rhesus factor, Sickle-cell anemia, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome
Educational importance of inherited abnormalities: understanding normal development, appreciating affected individuals, and reducing consequences

Physical Development

Early childhood: 0-6 years
Physical appearance: rapid growth and development
Middle childhood: 6-12 years
Physical appearance: steady growth and refinement of motor skills
Adolescent girls and boys: significant physical changes

What is personality: stable but unique characteristics of an individual
Personality in infancy and toddlerhood: mother's influence, father's influence, and emotional development
Emotions in a child's life: fear, anxiety, anger, and frustration
Playing is important in personality development: sense of self and social development

Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor state (0-2 years): perception, memory, and problem-solving
Intuitive or preoperational thought (2-7 years): egocentrism and symbolic thinking
Concrete operations (7-11 years): logical thinking and problem-solving
Schema, assimilation, and accommodation: adapting to new information
Applying Piaget's ideas to education: constructivist learning and active learning

Learning

What is learning: acquiring new knowledge and skills
Factors affecting learning readiness: motivation, attention, and prior knowledge
Ways of building learning readiness: creating a conducive learning environment, setting goals, and providing feedback

Classical Conditioning

Terminology and procedures: Ivan Pavlov's experiment, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
Processes of classical conditioning: association and extinction
Educational implications of classical conditioning: understanding learning and behavior, and applying conditioning principles to instruction

Operant Conditioning

Examples of operant conditioning: B.F. Skinner's experiment, reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
Processes and procedures in operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment
Applications of operant conditioning: behavior modification, behavior therapy, and instruction
Educational implications of operant conditioning: understanding learning and behavior, and applying conditioning principles to instruction.

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Description

This book is a comprehensive guide to psychology of human development and education, covering various topics and concepts. It is designed to help students understand the subject matter. The authors express gratitude to God and their students who have contributed to the development of this book.