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Questions and Answers
Match the helping motivation with its description:
Social Exchange Theory = People help when benefits outweigh costs Feel Bad, Do Good = Helping to relieve negative feelings Feel Good, Do Good = Happy people are more likely to help Social Norms = Expectations to help those who have helped us
Match the helping behavior concept with its definition:
Kin selection = Altruism toward close relatives Reciprocity = Helping those who help you Social-responsibility norm = Helping those who cannot reciprocate Group selection = Survival of supportive altruistic groups
Match the type of emotional state with its helping behavior impact:
Sadness = Leads to increased helping if not self-preoccupied Happiness = Leads to positive behavior and helping Guilt = Can motivate someone to volunteer time Grief = Can decrease likelihood of helping
Match the theory with its emphasis on reasons for helping:
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Match the type of social capital with an example:
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Match the following factors with their descriptions regarding helping behavior:
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Match the experimental findings with their implications for helping behavior:
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Match the personality aspects to their influence on helping behavior:
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Match the aiding factors with their context of influence:
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What is the bystander effect and how does it influence helping behavior?
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Explain how empathy can motivate individuals to help in emergency situations.
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How do time pressures affect the likelihood of helping behavior?
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Discuss the role of similarity in influencing helping behavior.
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What situational factor can increase the likelihood of helping behavior when observed?
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What role does social exchange theory play in helping behavior?
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How does the emotional state of a person influence their likelihood to help others?
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What is the significance of social norms in encouraging helping behavior?
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Explain the concept of kin selection in the context of evolutionary psychology and helping behavior.
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What distinguishes genuine altruism from other motivations for helping others?
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Study Notes
Why Do We Help?
- Social Exchange Theory: People help when the benefits outweigh the costs. The benefits can be external (money, recognition) or internal (feeling good about oneself).
- Feel Bad, Do Good: People often help others to relieve negative feelings. Helping behavior can be a way to cope with sadness or guilt.
- Feel Good, Do Good: Happy people are helpful people. Good moods lead to positive thoughts and self-esteem, which predisposes us to positive behavior.
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Social Norms: Social expectations can motivate helping behavior.
- Reciprocity Norm: We should help those who have helped us. This norm is essential for building social capital--supportive connections that make a community healthier.
- Social-Responsibility Norm: We should help those who need help, even if they cannot reciprocate. It's important to note that this norm is not universally applied. The norm applies more to those who seem to be deserving of help (e.g., victims of natural disasters) than to those who seem to be responsible for their own problems.
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Evolutionary Psychology: Helping behavior is rooted in our genes, increasing the likelihood of survival.
- Kin Selection: Altruism toward close relatives helps to pass shared genes. For example, identical twins are more likely to cooperate than fraternal twins.
- Reciprocity: Works best in small groups where individuals will repeatedly encounter each other.
- Group Selection: Groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists.
- Genuine Altruism: Some helping behavior is purely altruistic, motivated by empathy, the ability to put oneself in another's shoes and feel their emotions. Empathy motivates us to help, even when our mood will be unaffected.
When Will We Help?
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Number of Bystanders: The presence of other bystanders can inhibit helping.
- Less likely to notice the incident: This is illustrated by a study where smoke was pumped into a room, participants in groups took longer to notice than those who were alone.
- Less likely to interpret the incident as an emergency: The illusion of transparency (tendency to overestimate how well others can read our internal states) contributes to this misinterpretation. Individuals in groups are less likely to express concern because they mistakenly believe that others aren't concerned. The misinterpretation, in turn, leads to pluralistic ignorance: individuals mistakenly believe that their own thoughts and feelings are different from those of others, resulting in a failure to act.
- Less likely to assume responsibility: Diffusion of responsibility makes individuals feel less accountable for helping. The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others can reduce the likelihood of intervening.
- Helping When Someone Else Does: Observing someone else helping can increase helping behavior.
- Time Pressures: We are more likely to help when we aren't in a hurry.
- Similarity: We are more likely to help those who are similar to us.
Who Will Help?
- Personality Traits: Some people are consistently more helpful than others.
- Gender: Women are more likely to help than men, but this depends on the type of help required.
- Religious Faith: People who are more religious are more likely to help, particularly if the person needing help shares their religious beliefs.
Why Do We Help?
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Social Exchange Theory: Helping is driven by weighing potential benefits vs. costs.
- Rewards: Can be external (money, recognition) or internal (feeling good).
- Internal Rewards: Can relieve guilt, motivating people to volunteer after lying.
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Feel Bad, Do Good: Helping relieves negative emotions.
- Sad People: Help more, unless consumed by grief or depression.
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Feel Good, Do Good: Happiness fuels altruism.
- Positive Moods: Lead to positive thoughts, self-esteem, and helping behavior.
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Social Norms: Expectations influence helping.
- Reciprocity Norm: Help those who have helped us, building social capital.
- Social-Responsibility Norm: Help those in need, even without reciprocation, especially if they deserve it.
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Evolutionary Psychology: Helping behavior stems from genes, increasing survival.
- Kin Selection: Altruism towards close relatives ensures shared gene survival.
- Reciprocity: Works best in small groups with repeated encounters.
- Group Selection: Groups of altruists outlast non-altruistic groups.
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Genuine Altruism: Some helping is purely altruistic, driven by empathy.
- Empathy: Ability to feel another's emotions encourages helping, even if mood is unaffected.
When Will We Help?
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Number of Bystanders: More bystanders make helping less likely.
- Less likely to notice: Groups take longer to notice incidents than individuals.
- Less likely to interpret as an emergency: Fueled by illusion of transparency, assuming others understand our thoughts.
- Less likely to take responsibility: Diffusion of responsibility makes individuals feel less accountable.
- Helping When Someone Else Does: Observing another helping increases the likelihood of helping.
- Time Pressures: People are more likely to help when less rushed.
- Similarity: More likely to help those similar to us (appearance, beliefs, shared identities).
Who Will Help?
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Personality Traits: Some consistently help more than others.
- Agreeableness and Conscientiousness: Associated with high helping rates.
- Gender: Men are more likely to help in heroic, dangerous situations while women are more likely to help in caring, nurturing situations.
- Religious Faith: Religiously committed people tend to help more, especially those committed to a specific religion.
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Description
Explore the various theories behind why we help others in this engaging quiz. From social exchange theory to social norms, discover the motivations that drive helping behavior and how our emotions influence our actions towards others.