Psychology of Framing and Priming
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Questions and Answers

What impact does refraining from eating cookies have on cognitive resources when completing a puzzle?

  • Increases the chances of success in the puzzle.
  • Enhances problem-solving capabilities.
  • Depletes cognitive resources, leading to fewer attempts. (correct)
  • Has no effect on puzzle attempts.

    • How do heuristics affect our thinking?

  • They can make thinking less efficient and prone to errors. (correct)
  • They always improve the efficiency of complex tasks.
  • They eliminate the need for cognitive resources entirely.
  • They provide definitive answers to problems.

    • What describes the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

  • Adjusting beliefs based on an initial idea or value. (correct)
  • Avoiding distractions to focus on the main argument.
  • Using recent examples to determine probabilities.
  • Believing a stereotype based on appearances.

    • What is the primary concern with the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>It can cause judgments based on stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the availability heuristic rely on?

    <p>Immediate examples or recent events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a red herring fallacy?

    <p>Offering irrelevant information to distract from the argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a false dichotomy fallacy imply?

    <p>Only two options are presented when more exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of using heuristics in decision making?

    <p>They may reduce dependency on critical thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does framing primarily influence in communication?

    <p>How the information is perceived and organized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes priming?

    <p>The subconscious influence of prior exposure to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes System 1 thinking from System 2 thinking?

    <p>System 1 is quick and often unconscious, while System 2 is slow and deliberate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to cognitive depletion?

    <p>Excessive demand on self-control or mental resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Cookies Radish Cognitive Depletion Experiment, what was a key factor influencing the participants' performance on the puzzle?

    <p>Whether they consumed cookies or radishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does framing impact the perception of the term 'pro-life' compared to 'anti-choice'?

    <p>It creates different emotional responses to the same issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cognitive depletion have on decision-making?

    <p>It diminishes the ability to engage in complex reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of Daniel Kahneman's work with System 1 and System 2?

    <p>Differentiating between fast and slow thinking processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Ad Hominem Fallacy?

    <p>An argument based on the characteristics of the speaker rather than the argument itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Slippery Slope Fallacy?

    <p>A belief that a small action will trigger a series of negative events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Appeal to Authority Fallacy?

    <p>It claims something is true solely because an authority figure supports it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates the Bandwagon Logical Fallacy?

    <p>Assuming everyone believes in a product because a celebrity endorsed it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Planning Fallacy refer to?

    <p>Underestimating the time required to complete a task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement typifies Optimism Bias?

    <p>Assuming divorce is unlikely for you despite statistics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Choice Architecture?

    <p>A technique that organizes decision contexts to influence choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Planning Fallacy specifically apply to students?

    <p>They significantly underestimate the time for assignments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mental shortcuts like heuristics contribute to cognitive efficiency?

    <p>Heuristics help save cognitive resources, allowing individuals to focus on more complex tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an extreme initial anchor in negotiations?

    <p>An extreme initial anchor can create large disparities in negotiation outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the representativeness heuristic lead to inaccurate judgments?

    <p>It relies on stereotypes, causing assumptions based on limited characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the availability heuristic influence decision-making?

    <p>It causes individuals to base decisions on recent examples that readily come to mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a red herring fallacy distract from a discussion?

    <p>It introduces irrelevant information that shifts focus away from the main argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does framing have when presenting a false dichotomy fallacy?

    <p>Framing forces a choice between two options, ignoring other possibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can heuristics sometimes lead to cognitive depletion?

    <p>Overreliance on heuristics can exhaust mental resources, particularly when faced with complex tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the availability heuristic play in emotional responses?

    <p>It can amplify emotional responses based on vivid recent events, like news stories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does framing affect the interpretation of a message?

    <p>Framing influences how a message is perceived, potentially leading to different interpretations based on the context or language used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does priming play in decision-making?

    <p>Priming affects decision-making by subtly influencing responses and thoughts through prior exposure to related stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the differences between System 1 and System 2 thinking.

    <p>System 1 is fast and intuitive, used for simple, everyday tasks, while System 2 is slower and more deliberate, applied to complex decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive depletion and how can it affect behavior?

    <p>Cognitive depletion is the reduction of self-control and mental resources, resulting in impaired decision-making and problem-solving abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Cookies Radish Experiment, what was the significance of the tasks faced by participants?

    <p>Participants who resisted eating cookies were less persistent when faced with a challenging puzzle, demonstrating the effects of cognitive depletion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might the framing of immigration issues influence public policy perceptions?

    <p>Framing immigration as a security threat rather than xenophobia can lead to stricter policies and negative public attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of cognitive resources being limited according to Kahneman?

    <p>The limitation of cognitive resources implies that individuals often default to System 1 thinking to save mental effort, potentially leading to biased decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does seeing restaurant commercials have on consumer behavior, according to priming?

    <p>Seeing restaurant commercials primes individuals to prefer dining out over cooking at home, influencing their immediate choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with the Appeal to Authority Fallacy?

    <p>The main issue is that it accepts something as true simply because an authority figure said it, even if they aren't an expert on the subject.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the Slippery Slope Fallacy can affect decision-making.

    <p>The Slippery Slope Fallacy can lead people to believe that one small action will inevitably lead to a severe outcome, often causing them to avoid taking any necessary action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a real-life scenario where the Bandwagon Logical Fallacy might occur.

    <p>A real-life scenario could be someone starting to believe a new diet is effective simply because many people are following it without researching its efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Planning Fallacy, and how may it impact students?

    <p>The Planning Fallacy refers to the tendency to underestimate the time needed to complete tasks, which can lead students to mismanage their time and miss deadlines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Optimism Bias influence individual perceptions of risk?

    <p>Optimism Bias leads individuals to believe they are less likely to experience negative events compared to others, affecting their risk assessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can Choice Architecture be used in marketing?

    <p>Choice Architecture can be used by positioning products in a way that influences consumer choices, such as placing healthier options at eye level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of the Ad Hominem Fallacy in a debate.

    <p>An example would be discrediting a speaker's argument about climate change by calling them a hypocrite for using plastic products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key effect does the Bandwagon Fallacy have on public opinion?

    <p>The Bandwagon Fallacy can create a false sense of consensus, leading individuals to adopt beliefs or behaviors simply because they perceive others doing so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Framing

    • How individuals perceive, organize, and deliver information.
    • Creates a structure for how others perceive the message being communicated.
    • The same message can result in different effects depending on the frame used.
    • Frames influence how individuals interpret and understand information.
    • Examples:
      • Framing someone as "pro-life" versus "anti-choice" when discussing abortion.
      • Describing ice cream as "20% fat free" rather than "80% fat" to create a different perception.
      • Presenting anti-immigration as a security threat instead of using terms like "xenophobia".

    Priming

    • Exposure to an idea or stimulus influences later responses or actions, often subconsciously.
    • Examples:
      • Seeing pictures of oranges increases the likelihood of naming "oranges" as a food item.
      • Exposure to numerous restaurant commercials may make individuals more likely to eat out.

    Systems 1 and 2 (Daniel Kahneman)

    • System 1: Rapid thinking process used for simple everyday tasks.
      • Example: Driving in a familiar neighborhood.
    • System 2: Slow and deliberate thinking process used for complex tasks, requiring effort.
      • Example: Solving a lengthy math equation.
    • Using System 2 comes at a cost because of limited cognitive resources.
    • Most decision-making utilizes System 1 due to its efficiency in saving mental resources for System 2 tasks.

    Cognitive Depletion

    • Loss of self-control or the ability to utilize System 2, occurring when cognitive resources are depleted.

    Cookies/Radish Cognitive Depletion Experiment (Baumister)

    • Participants in a waiting room were offered cookies or radishes.
    • Some were allowed to eat cookies, while others had to use self-control and choose radishes.
    • Participants then completed an unsolvable puzzle, unknowingly related to the experiment.
    • Those who had to resist the cookies made fewer attempts to complete the puzzle because their cognitive resources were depleted.
    • This suggests that engaging in self-control can deplete cognitive resources.

    Heuristics

    • Mental shortcuts used by System 1 to conserve cognitive resources.
    • Heuristics can make thinking less efficient and increase susceptibility to errors.
    • However, they are necessary to save mental resources for more complex tasks and prevent cognitive depletion.

    Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

    • Individuals begin with an initial idea (anchor) and adjust their beliefs based on this starting point.
    • This is prevalent in negotiations.
    • A far-off initial anchor can lead to significant discrepancies.
    • Examples:
      • Rejecting job offers below a perceived value, even if reasonable.
      • Being more inclined to buy an item after seeing both the original price and the sale price.

    Representativeness Heuristic

    • Making judgments based on stereotypes or mental prototypes.
    • The prototype becomes representative of anyone who fits the parameters.
    • Examples:
      • Assuming anyone dressed in a suit and tie carrying a briefcase is a businessperson.
      • Believing someone with torn clothes is homeless.

    Availability Heuristic (Recency Bias)

    • Using immediate examples or recent events when discussing a topic or making a decision.
    • Example: News about a recent bear attack could increase the likelihood of mentioning the danger of bears during a discussion about animals.

    Fallacies

    • Faulty reasoning or judgment errors, especially in argument construction.
    • Often go unnoticed unless critically examined.

    Red Herring Fallacy

    • Distracting from the topic or argument at hand.
    • Example: Shifting a kneeling protest narrative from police brutality to respecting the flag.

    False Dichotomy Fallacy

    • Framing an issue as having only two options when more possibilities exist.
    • Example: Presenting a choice between being an introvert or an extrovert.

    Ad Hominem Fallacy

    • Using a personal attack unrelated to the argument.
    • Example: Insulting someone's appearance during an argument about TV shows.

    Slippery Slope Fallacy

    • Believing that an initial action will automatically lead to a chain reaction of negative consequences.
    • Example: The idea that trying marijuana once will inevitably lead to heroin addiction.

    Appeal to Authority Fallacy

    • Asserting something is true solely because an authority figure claimed it.
    • This occurs even when the authority isn't an expert on the subject.
    • Example: Accepting a scientist's claim about viruses based on their expertise in bacterial infections.

    Bandwagon Logical Fallacy

    • Believing something must be true because many people say or do it.
    • This often starts with someone disseminating information that takes on a life of its own.
    • Examples:
      • Believing the need to drink eight glasses of water daily based on widespread belief.
      • Accepting that a beach has a defecation issue due to social media chatter.

    The Planning Fallacy

    • Underestimating the time required to complete a task.
    • This applies only to completing one's own tasks.
    • Example: Students often underestimate the time needed to finish assignments.

    Optimism Bias

    • Believing that one is less likely to experience negative events.
    • Example: Despite knowing that 50% of marriages end in divorce, individuals still get married with high optimism.

    Choice Architecture

    • A framing technique where the context of another person's decision-making is organized.
    • Choice architecture "nudges" individuals towards certain choices while still preserving their autonomy.
    • Examples:
      • Positioning grocery products on shelves to influence choices.
      • Using smaller cups to discourage excessive beverage consumption.

    Choice Architecture Continued

    • Employers often utilize choice architecture when managing RRSP (retirement savings) payments.

    Framing

    • The way we perceive, organize, and deliver information
    • We shape the way information is perceived by establishing a framework
    • Framing is based on establishing a framework for how others perceive communication.
    • Same message can produce different effects when framed differently.
    • Frames can dictate how people interpret and see information

    Framing Examples

    • Framing someone as "pro-life" rather than "anti-choice" or "pro-choice" versus "anti-life."
    • Marketing ice cream as "20% fat free" versus "80% fat"
    • Framing anti-immigration as a security threat versus xenophobia.

    Priming

    • Exposure to an idea or stimulus influences later responses or actions, typically subconsciously.
    • Seeing pictures of oranges makes you more likely to say oranges when asked to name a food item.
    • Seeing restaurant commercials all day can make you more likely to eat out than cook at home.

    System 1 and System 2 (Daniel Kahneman)

    • System 1: Fast, instinctive thinking used for everyday tasks.
    • System 2: Slow, deliberate thinking for complex tasks that require effort.
    • System 2 thinking uses cognitive resources.
    • Most decision-making relies on System 1 to conserve resources for System 2.

    Cognitive Depletion

    • Occurs when our cognitive resources are exhausted, resulting in a loss of self-control or ability to use System 2.

    Cookies Radish Cognitive Depletion Experiment (Baumister)

    • Participants were put in a waiting room with cookies and radishes.
    • Some participants ate cookies, while others were offered radishes to exercise self-control (System 2)
    • Participants were then asked to complete an impossible puzzle, unaware it was part of an experiment.

    Chocolate/Radish Cognitive Depletion Experiment (Baumister)

    • Participants who restrained themselves from eating cookies made fewer attempts to complete the puzzle, as their cognitive resources were depleted during the waiting phase.
    • Those who consumed radishes had a diminished capacity to engage in complex tasks.

    Heuristics

    • Mental shortcuts used in System 1 to save cognitive resources.
    • Heuristics can make thinking less efficient and prone to errors.
    • Heuristics are necessary for saving cognitive resources for more complex tasks and avoiding cognitive depletion.

    Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

    • Individuals start with an initial idea (anchor) and adjust their beliefs based on that starting point.
    • Often prominent in negotiations.
    • If the initial anchor is far from the true value, it can result in large discrepancies.
    • Seeing both the initial price and the sale price makes people more likely to buy because the initial price "anchors" thoughts into believing a deal is being offered

    Representativeness Heuristic

    • Making judgments based on a stereotype or prototype held in one's head.
    • Prototype represents anyone who fits the parameters of the stereotype.
    • If your prototype of a businessperson is a man in a suit with a briefcase, you assume anyone who fits this description is a businessperson.
    • Thinking that any person with torn clothes is homeless.

    Availability (recency bias) Heuristic

    • Mental shortcut based on immediately accessible examples or recent events when discussing a topic or making decisions.
    • Recent news about a bear attack might make you mention the dangers of bears in a discussion about animals.

    Fallacies

    • Faulty reasoning or Lapses in judgement, especially in the construction of arguments.
    • Remain unnoticed unless critically examined.

    Red Herring Fallacy

    • Distracts from the main topic of the argument.
    • Kneeling protest narrative shifting from police brutality to flag respect.

    False Dichotomy Fallacy

    • Frames an issue as having only two options, when more options are available.
    • "Are you an introvert or extrovert?"
    • "Is your favorite sport hockey or baseball?"

    Ad Hominem Fallacy

    • Personal attacks unrelated to the argument at hand.
    • Calling someone ugly during an argument about TV shows.
    • Pointing out someone was recently dumped during an argument about cars.

    Slippery Slope Fallacy

    • Belief that an initial action leads to a chain reaction.
    • "Gateway drugs."

    Appeal to Authority Fallacy

    • Belief that something is true simply because a person in a position of authority said it, regardless of expertise in the subject matter.
    • Believing a bacterial infection specialist about viruses because "a scientist said it."

    Bandwagon Logical Fallacy

    • Belief that something must be true because many other people say or do it.
    • Drinking 8 glasses of water per day due to collective belief.
    • Belief that Wasaga Beach has a defecation issue due to social media discussions.

    The Planning Fallacy

    • Underestimating how long it will take to complete a task.
    • Applies only to completing one's own task.
    • Students commonly underestimate how long it will take to complete an assignment.

    Optimism Bias

    • Belief that one is less likely to experience negative events.
    • "That would never happen to me."
    • Over 50% of people get married, despite approximately 50% of marriages ending in divorce.

    Choice Architecture

    • Framing technique where someone organizes the context of other people's decision-making.
    • "Nudging" people towards certain decisions while still allowing autonomy.
    • Product placement in grocery stores influences customer choice.
    • Smaller beverage cups promote healthier choices.

    Choice Architecture Continued

    • Employers use choice architechture in retirement plan contribution options.

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