Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following emotions are considered self-conscious emotions?
Which of the following emotions are considered self-conscious emotions?
- Happiness
- Surprise
- Anger
- Guilt (correct)
What is the main finding of the online interaction study regarding mimicry?
What is the main finding of the online interaction study regarding mimicry?
- Mimicry only increases with positive interactions.
- Mimicry increases when social affiliation goals are unmet. (correct)
- Mimicry occurs regardless of social goals.
- Mimicry decreases during online interactions.
What does the contamination hypothesis suggest about low self-esteem individuals?
What does the contamination hypothesis suggest about low self-esteem individuals?
- They may degrade their partner to avoid potential rejection. (correct)
- They actively seek out positive feedback regardless of history.
- They enhance their partner's self-esteem during self-doubt.
- They often remain indifferent to their partner's feelings.
Which of the following best describes conformity?
Which of the following best describes conformity?
How do less human-like avatars affect emotions in online interactions?
How do less human-like avatars affect emotions in online interactions?
What is an outcome when individuals accurately rank group contributions despite overestimating their own?
What is an outcome when individuals accurately rank group contributions despite overestimating their own?
What is the difference between compliance and obedience?
What is the difference between compliance and obedience?
What effect does exposure to death-related content have on conscious thoughts?
What effect does exposure to death-related content have on conscious thoughts?
What is the rebound effect in the context of suppressed thoughts?
What is the rebound effect in the context of suppressed thoughts?
Which of the following describes global bias in partner idolization?
Which of the following describes global bias in partner idolization?
What does the Matching Hypothesis in romantic relationships suggest?
What does the Matching Hypothesis in romantic relationships suggest?
What is a characteristic of the enhancement effect on individuals?
What is a characteristic of the enhancement effect on individuals?
According to Leary's Sociometer Model, what does low self-esteem signify?
According to Leary's Sociometer Model, what does low self-esteem signify?
What was the primary focus of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure?
What was the primary focus of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure?
Which attachment style is characterized by high anxiety and low avoidance?
Which attachment style is characterized by high anxiety and low avoidance?
What behavior typically distinguishes securely attached individuals during stress?
What behavior typically distinguishes securely attached individuals during stress?
What type of attachment is characterized by a fear of closeness?
What type of attachment is characterized by a fear of closeness?
What is the outcome of excessive positive feedback over time?
What is the outcome of excessive positive feedback over time?
In the context of attachment theory, what is a 'secure base'?
In the context of attachment theory, what is a 'secure base'?
How does attachment style affect coping with stress?
How does attachment style affect coping with stress?
What does the term 'fearful attachment' relate to?
What does the term 'fearful attachment' relate to?
What is the role of the attachment system in response to perceived threats?
What is the role of the attachment system in response to perceived threats?
What self-protective strategy do individuals with low self-esteem often engage in?
What self-protective strategy do individuals with low self-esteem often engage in?
Which concept describes how a supportive partner can enhance the qualities of someone with low self-esteem?
Which concept describes how a supportive partner can enhance the qualities of someone with low self-esteem?
Implicit self-esteem is particularly predictive of what in relation to relationships?
Implicit self-esteem is particularly predictive of what in relation to relationships?
What is crucial for maintaining relationship health according to the discussed concepts?
What is crucial for maintaining relationship health according to the discussed concepts?
What role do deliberative mindsets play in relationships?
What role do deliberative mindsets play in relationships?
What is one of the four moral motives that influence behavior?
What is one of the four moral motives that influence behavior?
What effect does self-objectification have on women's behaviors?
What effect does self-objectification have on women's behaviors?
What effect does mortality salience have on individuals according to Terror Management Theory?
What effect does mortality salience have on individuals according to Terror Management Theory?
What does the Ascent of Man scale measure in the context of dehumanization?
What does the Ascent of Man scale measure in the context of dehumanization?
What does system justification refer to in a social context?
What does system justification refer to in a social context?
How does self-control relate to prejudiced behavior?
How does self-control relate to prejudiced behavior?
What did Batson’s altruism argument emphasize?
What did Batson’s altruism argument emphasize?
What does ego depletion affect in terms of self-control?
What does ego depletion affect in terms of self-control?
According to the studies, how do individuals with low self-esteem interpret minor complaints?
According to the studies, how do individuals with low self-esteem interpret minor complaints?
What is one potential outcome of engaging in pro-social behavior?
What is one potential outcome of engaging in pro-social behavior?
What does the Hedonic Treadmill concept suggest about happiness?
What does the Hedonic Treadmill concept suggest about happiness?
Which factor is a significant predictor of happiness, according to the studies?
Which factor is a significant predictor of happiness, according to the studies?
What is a common effect of relationship illusions?
What is a common effect of relationship illusions?
Which of the following aspects is a focus of Moral Foundations Theory?
Which of the following aspects is a focus of Moral Foundations Theory?
What role do situational cues play in construct activation?
What role do situational cues play in construct activation?
What do gratitude exercises generally aim to improve?
What do gratitude exercises generally aim to improve?
What does the term 'reciprocal concessions' refer to in interpersonal interactions?
What does the term 'reciprocal concessions' refer to in interpersonal interactions?
What phenomenon describes the tendency to overestimate the lasting emotional impact of specific events?
What phenomenon describes the tendency to overestimate the lasting emotional impact of specific events?
What primary assertion does Cialdini make regarding altruistic behavior?
What primary assertion does Cialdini make regarding altruistic behavior?
What is a primary function of the intimacy model in relationships?
What is a primary function of the intimacy model in relationships?
In the Snack Choice Study, which behavior did participants exhibit over time?
In the Snack Choice Study, which behavior did participants exhibit over time?
Which phase of adaptation reflects the long-term adjustment after significant life events?
Which phase of adaptation reflects the long-term adjustment after significant life events?
What is a key takeaway regarding resilience and happiness?
What is a key takeaway regarding resilience and happiness?
What did the German Socioeconomic Panel Study suggest about happiness?
What did the German Socioeconomic Panel Study suggest about happiness?
What is the primary concern of the Ascent of Man Scale in relation to dehumanization?
What is the primary concern of the Ascent of Man Scale in relation to dehumanization?
What does misattribution of arousal refer to in social contexts?
What does misattribution of arousal refer to in social contexts?
Which statement aligns with the research on life satisfaction in relation to time duration?
Which statement aligns with the research on life satisfaction in relation to time duration?
What is a common outcome attributed to system justification?
What is a common outcome attributed to system justification?
Which of the following describes the baseline phase regarding subjective well-being?
Which of the following describes the baseline phase regarding subjective well-being?
In the Focalism Study, what did students in both sunny and less sunny regions underestimate?
In the Focalism Study, what did students in both sunny and less sunny regions underestimate?
What is a characteristic of implicit processes in psychology?
What is a characteristic of implicit processes in psychology?
How can happiness strategies change an individual's long-term well-being?
How can happiness strategies change an individual's long-term well-being?
What can the impacts of losing a job be compared to other life setbacks?
What can the impacts of losing a job be compared to other life setbacks?
What is the main focus of soft setpoint theory?
What is the main focus of soft setpoint theory?
What is indicated by self-control depletion in relation to biases?
What is indicated by self-control depletion in relation to biases?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'duration neglect'?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'duration neglect'?
Which of the following factors is most strongly associated with happiness beyond basic needs?
Which of the following factors is most strongly associated with happiness beyond basic needs?
What is a common bias people experience when predicting future happiness?
What is a common bias people experience when predicting future happiness?
What percentage of the stability in happiness over time is attributed to genetic factors, according to the Minnesota Twin Registry findings?
What percentage of the stability in happiness over time is attributed to genetic factors, according to the Minnesota Twin Registry findings?
During which phase do individuals usually experience temporary changes in happiness after a significant life event?
During which phase do individuals usually experience temporary changes in happiness after a significant life event?
What is the primary purpose of studying subjective well-being (SWB)?
What is the primary purpose of studying subjective well-being (SWB)?
Which statement best reflects the concept of adaptation in happiness following major life events?
Which statement best reflects the concept of adaptation in happiness following major life events?
What does the heritability of happiness suggest overall?
What does the heritability of happiness suggest overall?
Which of the following is NOT a component measured by subjective well-being (SWB)?
Which of the following is NOT a component measured by subjective well-being (SWB)?
What does the term 'felt security' refer to in the context of attachment?
What does the term 'felt security' refer to in the context of attachment?
What role does social desirability bias play in happiness ratings?
What role does social desirability bias play in happiness ratings?
How do different attachment styles influence behavior in response to stress?
How do different attachment styles influence behavior in response to stress?
What temporary effect is commonly observed after marriage according to Rich Lucas's study?
What temporary effect is commonly observed after marriage according to Rich Lucas's study?
What percentage of individuals typically remain in the same attachment category across time points?
What percentage of individuals typically remain in the same attachment category across time points?
How does attachment vary across different relationships?
How does attachment vary across different relationships?
Which of the following best describes the diminishing effect of money on overall happiness?
Which of the following best describes the diminishing effect of money on overall happiness?
Which type of twins showed a higher correlation in happiness levels according to the Minnesota Twin Registry?
Which type of twins showed a higher correlation in happiness levels according to the Minnesota Twin Registry?
What impact do secure attachment figures have on coping with stress?
What impact do secure attachment figures have on coping with stress?
What does the 'baseline phase' refer to in the context of happiness and life events?
What does the 'baseline phase' refer to in the context of happiness and life events?
In what way can early experiences influence new relationships according to transference?
In what way can early experiences influence new relationships according to transference?
Which attachment style is suggested to be the most stable over time?
Which attachment style is suggested to be the most stable over time?
What behavior is associated with individuals who have secure attachments?
What behavior is associated with individuals who have secure attachments?
How does Leary's sociometer hypothesis relate to self-esteem?
How does Leary's sociometer hypothesis relate to self-esteem?
What is the primary focus of Baldwin's study on attachment across relationships?
What is the primary focus of Baldwin's study on attachment across relationships?
What effect does subliminal priming with secure attachment figures have?
What effect does subliminal priming with secure attachment figures have?
How do secure individuals typically respond to threats compared to avoidant individuals?
How do secure individuals typically respond to threats compared to avoidant individuals?
What percentage of Americans reported being above average in life satisfaction according to Diener's research?
What percentage of Americans reported being above average in life satisfaction according to Diener's research?
What did the Nun Study suggest about nuns who expressed high positive emotion in their autobiographies?
What did the Nun Study suggest about nuns who expressed high positive emotion in their autobiographies?
Which factor accounts for a significant portion of happiness over the long term?
Which factor accounts for a significant portion of happiness over the long term?
How does happiness correlate with physical health according to the content?
How does happiness correlate with physical health according to the content?
What is the implication of the correlation versus causality debate regarding wealth and subjective well-being?
What is the implication of the correlation versus causality debate regarding wealth and subjective well-being?
What trend was observed regarding wealth and happiness from 1990 to 2020?
What trend was observed regarding wealth and happiness from 1990 to 2020?
How does a person with a chronic attachment model typically interpret relationships compared to someone whose attachment style is situationally activated?
How does a person with a chronic attachment model typically interpret relationships compared to someone whose attachment style is situationally activated?
What impact does wealth have on individuals in poorer nations compared to wealthier nations?
What impact does wealth have on individuals in poorer nations compared to wealthier nations?
Which measure was found to be a better predictor of happiness in newlyweds according to the findings of McNulty?
Which measure was found to be a better predictor of happiness in newlyweds according to the findings of McNulty?
According to the findings, how do super-rich individuals compare to the general population regarding happiness?
According to the findings, how do super-rich individuals compare to the general population regarding happiness?
What type of threat is primarily concerned with one's self-esteem?
What type of threat is primarily concerned with one's self-esteem?
What does Set Point Theory suggest about the influence of life events on happiness?
What does Set Point Theory suggest about the influence of life events on happiness?
What characterizes the relationship between wealth and happiness within countries?
What characterizes the relationship between wealth and happiness within countries?
What portion of happiness can be attributed to genetics over the long term?
What portion of happiness can be attributed to genetics over the long term?
What is the primary implication of the Hedonic Treadmill concept?
What is the primary implication of the Hedonic Treadmill concept?
What is the primary focus of positive psychology as initiated by Ed Diener?
What is the primary focus of positive psychology as initiated by Ed Diener?
Which finding about recent life events and subjective well-being is correct?
Which finding about recent life events and subjective well-being is correct?
Individuals with lower happiness levels tend to show which pattern in their emotional states?
Individuals with lower happiness levels tend to show which pattern in their emotional states?
What is the main conclusion regarding the relationship between wealth and happiness?
What is the main conclusion regarding the relationship between wealth and happiness?
Which of the following life conditions has a lasting impact on happiness?
Which of the following life conditions has a lasting impact on happiness?
How does materialism typically affect happiness?
How does materialism typically affect happiness?
What is an example of miswanting?
What is an example of miswanting?
Which research found that 84-89% of people across countries reported being above average in life satisfaction?
Which research found that 84-89% of people across countries reported being above average in life satisfaction?
Which factor was found to correlate with higher happiness among older adults?
Which factor was found to correlate with higher happiness among older adults?
What effect does pro-social spending have on individual happiness according to the UBC study?
What effect does pro-social spending have on individual happiness according to the UBC study?
What did research on happiness in poorer countries indicate?
What did research on happiness in poorer countries indicate?
According to research, what happens to happiness levels after marriage and widowhood?
According to research, what happens to happiness levels after marriage and widowhood?
Which motivation for seeking wealth is associated with greater well-being?
Which motivation for seeking wealth is associated with greater well-being?
What does Soft Set Point Theory propose about happiness compared to the original theory?
What does Soft Set Point Theory propose about happiness compared to the original theory?
What does Biswas-Diener's research suggest about happiness in simpler communities?
What does Biswas-Diener's research suggest about happiness in simpler communities?
How do lottery winners' happiness levels change over time, according to Brickman's study?
How do lottery winners' happiness levels change over time, according to Brickman's study?
What distinguishes profiles of happy people across different demographics?
What distinguishes profiles of happy people across different demographics?
What impact does an increase in income typically have on happiness?
What impact does an increase in income typically have on happiness?
What role do personal perspectives play in subjective well-being?
What role do personal perspectives play in subjective well-being?
How does cheerfulness relate to income generation for young adults?
How does cheerfulness relate to income generation for young adults?
Which group is particularly affected by high fluctuations in happiness levels?
Which group is particularly affected by high fluctuations in happiness levels?
What is a common misconception about the effect of wealth on the wealthy?
What is a common misconception about the effect of wealth on the wealthy?
What purpose does spending money on others serve related to subjective well-being?
What purpose does spending money on others serve related to subjective well-being?
Which statement regarding immigrant happiness is accurate?
Which statement regarding immigrant happiness is accurate?
What is a key takeaway regarding happiness and lifestyle from the content?
What is a key takeaway regarding happiness and lifestyle from the content?
What is the effect of systemic barriers on cheerfulness and wealth accumulation?
What is the effect of systemic barriers on cheerfulness and wealth accumulation?
What was the main finding of the Frequency vs. Intensity Study regarding happiness?
What was the main finding of the Frequency vs. Intensity Study regarding happiness?
What factor significantly limits the impact of additional income on happiness?
What factor significantly limits the impact of additional income on happiness?
How does unemployment impact an individual's happiness according to the findings?
How does unemployment impact an individual's happiness according to the findings?
What does the concept of the 'hedonic treadmill' reveal about emotional adaptation?
What does the concept of the 'hedonic treadmill' reveal about emotional adaptation?
What is one implication of Francis Bacon's metaphor about wealth and happiness?
What is one implication of Francis Bacon's metaphor about wealth and happiness?
What is the main finding of the study that involved participants being primed with secure attachment figures?
What is the main finding of the study that involved participants being primed with secure attachment figures?
What role does religion play in influencing happiness according to the studies?
What role does religion play in influencing happiness according to the studies?
What error does affective forecasting highlight regarding future emotional states?
What error does affective forecasting highlight regarding future emotional states?
In the Stress Buffer Study, what was the impact of priming participants with warm, supportive words?
In the Stress Buffer Study, what was the impact of priming participants with warm, supportive words?
What finding relates to the spending on experiences versus material possessions?
What finding relates to the spending on experiences versus material possessions?
What does the Sociometer Hypothesis suggest about self-esteem?
What does the Sociometer Hypothesis suggest about self-esteem?
Which common bias affects our understanding of what brings happiness?
Which common bias affects our understanding of what brings happiness?
What is meant by 'positive illusions in relationships'?
What is meant by 'positive illusions in relationships'?
Which concept explains why individuals might project their ideal partner traits onto their current partner?
Which concept explains why individuals might project their ideal partner traits onto their current partner?
What is a pronounced effect of the hedonic treadmill on happiness following life events?
What is a pronounced effect of the hedonic treadmill on happiness following life events?
According to the studies, what trend is commonly expected to happen in long-term relationships regarding illusions?
According to the studies, what trend is commonly expected to happen in long-term relationships regarding illusions?
How do relationships affect happiness levels based on the studies?
How do relationships affect happiness levels based on the studies?
What aspect of happiness does the concept of construal pertain to?
What aspect of happiness does the concept of construal pertain to?
What is the effect of the Better-than-Average Effect in relationships, particularly regarding self-ratings?
What is the effect of the Better-than-Average Effect in relationships, particularly regarding self-ratings?
Which hypothesis explains how a partner’s positive view can influence the other’s self-esteem?
Which hypothesis explains how a partner’s positive view can influence the other’s self-esteem?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between income and happiness?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between income and happiness?
What does the Transformation Hypothesis suggest about interpreting relationship flaws?
What does the Transformation Hypothesis suggest about interpreting relationship flaws?
Which aspect contributes to happiness more than mere financial wealth?
Which aspect contributes to happiness more than mere financial wealth?
Which factor is indicated as a heavier predictor of happiness than material wealth?
Which factor is indicated as a heavier predictor of happiness than material wealth?
Individuals with low self-esteem tend to engage in which behavior in their relationships?
Individuals with low self-esteem tend to engage in which behavior in their relationships?
Which research finding indicated that idealizing a partner can increase relationship satisfaction?
Which research finding indicated that idealizing a partner can increase relationship satisfaction?
What is one way reflected appraisal can affect individuals in a relationship?
What is one way reflected appraisal can affect individuals in a relationship?
What impact does low self-esteem generally have on relationship dynamics?
What impact does low self-esteem generally have on relationship dynamics?
What is the role of the Buffering Hypothesis in relationship satisfaction?
What is the role of the Buffering Hypothesis in relationship satisfaction?
What is the adaptation phase in the context of happiness?
What is the adaptation phase in the context of happiness?
Which hypothesis suggests that happier individuals are more likely to get married?
Which hypothesis suggests that happier individuals are more likely to get married?
What does the ceiling effect in hedonic leveling imply?
What does the ceiling effect in hedonic leveling imply?
What was observed about life satisfaction in the year prior to marriage?
What was observed about life satisfaction in the year prior to marriage?
How do individuals generally react to widowhood according to reaction patterns?
How do individuals generally react to widowhood according to reaction patterns?
What does the critique of setpoint theory suggest about individual happiness?
What does the critique of setpoint theory suggest about individual happiness?
What is miswanting in the context of happiness?
What is miswanting in the context of happiness?
What does the hedonic treadmill phenomenon refer to?
What does the hedonic treadmill phenomenon refer to?
What does the term 'duration neglect' refer to?
What does the term 'duration neglect' refer to?
What is the primary focus of the James Dean Effect?
What is the primary focus of the James Dean Effect?
What age-specific need might young adults prioritize over others?
What age-specific need might young adults prioritize over others?
What is typically observed about satisfaction levels of individuals making over $75,000?
What is typically observed about satisfaction levels of individuals making over $75,000?
What is an expected reaction for individuals with less happiness prior to marriage?
What is an expected reaction for individuals with less happiness prior to marriage?
What is the primary function of social role theory in understanding widowhood?
What is the primary function of social role theory in understanding widowhood?
Flashcards
Self-Conscious Emotions
Self-Conscious Emotions
Emotions like embarrassment, guilt, and shame that reflect self-awareness and help regulate social behavior. They are considered distinctly human emotions, as they require understanding societal norms and self-evaluation.
Avatars and Self-Conscious Emotions
Avatars and Self-Conscious Emotions
More human-like avatars evoke self-conscious emotions in users, while less human-like avatars are perceived as lacking these emotions due to their diminished relatability.
Mimicry in Social Interactions
Mimicry in Social Interactions
Unconsciously mimicking another person's behavior to build rapport and strengthen relationships, especially when seeking social connection.
Overestimating Contributions
Overestimating Contributions
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Compensation Hypothesis
Compensation Hypothesis
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Contamination Hypothesis
Contamination Hypothesis
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Conformity
Conformity
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Conscious Death Thoughts
Conscious Death Thoughts
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Rebound Effect
Rebound Effect
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Unconscious Prime
Unconscious Prime
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Global Bias in Relationships
Global Bias in Relationships
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Specific Accuracy in Relationships
Specific Accuracy in Relationships
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Matching Hypothesis
Matching Hypothesis
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Enhancement vs. Verification
Enhancement vs. Verification
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Sociometer Model
Sociometer Model
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Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory
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Strange Situation Procedure
Strange Situation Procedure
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Attachment Styles
Attachment Styles
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Attachment and Adult Relationships
Attachment and Adult Relationships
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Attachment-Related Behaviors
Attachment-Related Behaviors
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Four Attachment Styles
Four Attachment Styles
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Attachment System Activation
Attachment System Activation
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Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
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Hutu Measure
Hutu Measure
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Attachment and Memory
Attachment and Memory
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Stability of Attachment
Stability of Attachment
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Variability Across Relationships
Variability Across Relationships
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Attachment and Behavior
Attachment and Behavior
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Activation Model
Activation Model
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Priming Study
Priming Study
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Longitudinal Attachment Study
Longitudinal Attachment Study
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Attachment Across Relationships
Attachment Across Relationships
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Multiple Attachment Models
Multiple Attachment Models
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Compassion and Altruism
Compassion and Altruism
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Subliminal Priming
Subliminal Priming
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Stress Buffers
Stress Buffers
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Transference
Transference
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Attachment Evolution
Attachment Evolution
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Secure Attachment Priming
Secure Attachment Priming
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Stress Buffering and Attachment
Stress Buffering and Attachment
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Sociometer Hypothesis
Sociometer Hypothesis
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Positive Relationship Illusions
Positive Relationship Illusions
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Better-than-Average Effect in Relationships
Better-than-Average Effect in Relationships
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Projecting Ideal Characteristics
Projecting Ideal Characteristics
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Reflected Illusions Hypothesis
Reflected Illusions Hypothesis
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Buffering Hypothesis (Illusions)
Buffering Hypothesis (Illusions)
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Reflected Appraisal Hypothesis
Reflected Appraisal Hypothesis
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Transformation Hypothesis
Transformation Hypothesis
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Low Self-Esteem and Relationship Dynamics
Low Self-Esteem and Relationship Dynamics
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Marriage Shift
Marriage Shift
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Vulnerability in Low Self-Esteem
Vulnerability in Low Self-Esteem
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Conditional Relationship Fear
Conditional Relationship Fear
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Emotional Distancing & Devaluation
Emotional Distancing & Devaluation
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Self-Protective Strategies in Relationships
Self-Protective Strategies in Relationships
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Michelangelo Effect
Michelangelo Effect
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Implicit vs. Explicit Self-Esteem
Implicit vs. Explicit Self-Esteem
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Relationship Illusions & Specific Behaviors
Relationship Illusions & Specific Behaviors
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Deliberative vs. Implemental Mindsets
Deliberative vs. Implemental Mindsets
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Intimacy: Beyond 'Good'
Intimacy: Beyond 'Good'
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Secret Selves Study
Secret Selves Study
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Unspoken Complaints Study
Unspoken Complaints Study
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Apartment Study
Apartment Study
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McNulty's Implicit Self-Esteem Study
McNulty's Implicit Self-Esteem Study
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Carney & Bradbury on Relationship Illusions
Carney & Bradbury on Relationship Illusions
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Moral Foundations Theory
Moral Foundations Theory
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Moral Motives
Moral Motives
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Adaptation Phase
Adaptation Phase
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Setpoint Theory
Setpoint Theory
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Selection Hypothesis
Selection Hypothesis
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Social Role Hypothesis
Social Role Hypothesis
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Crisis View
Crisis View
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Hedonic Leveling
Hedonic Leveling
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Ceiling Effect
Ceiling Effect
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Greater Loss Risk
Greater Loss Risk
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Miswanting
Miswanting
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Hedonic Treadmill
Hedonic Treadmill
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Durability Bias
Durability Bias
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Focalism
Focalism
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Immune Neglect
Immune Neglect
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Duration Neglect
Duration Neglect
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James Dean Effect
James Dean Effect
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Mortality Salience
Mortality Salience
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Cultural Worldviews
Cultural Worldviews
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Motivation and Performance
Motivation and Performance
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Self-Control and Prejudice
Self-Control and Prejudice
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System Justification
System Justification
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Dehumanization
Dehumanization
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Construal
Construal
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Construct Activation
Construct Activation
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Implicit Processes
Implicit Processes
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Ego Threat
Ego Threat
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Reaction Phase
Reaction Phase
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Happiness and Life Conditions
Happiness and Life Conditions
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Frequency vs. Intensity
Frequency vs. Intensity
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Weather and Mood
Weather and Mood
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Income and Happiness
Income and Happiness
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Unemployment and Happiness
Unemployment and Happiness
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Religion and Happiness
Religion and Happiness
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Affective Forecasting Errors
Affective Forecasting Errors
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Societal Alignment
Societal Alignment
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Job Loss Impact
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Intentional Choices
Intentional Choices
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Gratitude Practice
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Mindfulness Practice
Mindfulness Practice
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Altruism and Happiness
Altruism and Happiness
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Resilience and Adaptation
Resilience and Adaptation
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Snack Choice Study
Snack Choice Study
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Misattribution of Arousal
Misattribution of Arousal
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Happiness Correlates
Happiness Correlates
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Subjective Well-being
Subjective Well-being
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Components of SWB
Components of SWB
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Heritability of Happiness
Heritability of Happiness
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Money & Happiness
Money & Happiness
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Soft Setpoint
Soft Setpoint
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Life Events & Happiness
Life Events & Happiness
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Construct Validity of Happiness
Construct Validity of Happiness
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Social Desirability Bias
Social Desirability Bias
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Selection Hypothesis (Happiness)
Selection Hypothesis (Happiness)
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Social Role Hypothesis (Happiness)
Social Role Hypothesis (Happiness)
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Happiness
Happiness
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Positive Psychology
Positive Psychology
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Life Satisfaction
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Happiness and Genetics
Happiness and Genetics
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Life Events vs. Life Conditions
Life Events vs. Life Conditions
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Happiness and Health
Happiness and Health
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Wealth and Happiness
Wealth and Happiness
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Historical Trend of Wealth and Happiness
Historical Trend of Wealth and Happiness
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Benefits of Wealth
Benefits of Wealth
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Between-Group vs. Within-Group Differences (Wealth and Happiness)
Between-Group vs. Within-Group Differences (Wealth and Happiness)
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Wealth and Subjective Well-Being (Poorer Nations)
Wealth and Subjective Well-Being (Poorer Nations)
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Super-Rich and Happiness
Super-Rich and Happiness
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Attachment Model
Attachment Model
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Implicit vs. Explicit Measures
Implicit vs. Explicit Measures
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Unconscious Processes
Unconscious Processes
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Group Threat
Group Threat
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Existential Threat
Existential Threat
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Soft Set Point Theory
Soft Set Point Theory
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Happiness Stability
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Happiness Variability
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Meaningful Activities
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Positive Outlook
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Happiness Adaptation
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Materialism and Happiness
Materialism and Happiness
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Pro-Social Spending
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UBC Spending Experiment
UBC Spending Experiment
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Happiness Setpoint
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Selection Hypothesis (Happiness & Marriage)
Selection Hypothesis (Happiness & Marriage)
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Cultural Worldviews and Death Anxiety
Cultural Worldviews and Death Anxiety
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Ego Threat and Prejudice
Ego Threat and Prejudice
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Study Notes
Self-Conscious Emotions
- Examples include embarrassment, guilt, and shame.
- Reflect self-awareness and help regulate social behavior.
- Considered distinctly human emotions, requiring understanding societal norms and self-evaluation.
- Avatars and emotions: More human-like avatars evoke self-conscious emotions; less human-like avatars don't because they are less relatable.
Online Interaction Study
- Design: Examined mimicry and affiliation in interactions.
- Conditions: Participants interacted with people displaying friendly or unfriendly behaviors; some participants were primed for social connection.
- Findings: When the affiliation goal succeeded, no mimicry was needed. When it failed, unconscious mimicry increased to build connection. Mimicry promotes closeness and strengthens relationships when affiliation is desired.
Overestimating Bias and Tracking Accuracy
- People overestimate their contributions to group tasks due to self-serving bias.
- Individuals can accurately rank others’ contributions despite overestimations.
- This bias doesn't impair overall group dynamic perception.
Compensation vs. Contamination Hypothesis
- Compensation Hypothesis: Low self-esteem individuals seek partner reassurance to counter their self-doubt, relying on positive feedback.
- Contamination Hypothesis: Low self-esteem individuals with rejection histories can devalue partners during periods of self-doubt to lessen the pain of potential future rejection.
Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
- Conformity: Adjusting behavior to match group norms.
- Sherif's Autokinetic Light Test: Studied conformity with ambiguous stimuli (light movement).
- Asch Line Study: Studied conformity with explicit, obvious stimuli (line lengths).
- Compliance: Agreeing to requests due to social pressure.
- Obedience: Following authority's orders (e.g., Milgram's experiment).
Conscious vs. Unconscious Thoughts of Death
- Conscious Prime: Exposure to death-related content triggers conscious attempts at minimization (e.g., trivializing death). A rebound effect occurs, making thoughts return more intensely.
- Unconscious Prime: Subliminal exposure (e.g., flashing "death") bypasses conscious defenses, making thoughts inescapable and persistent.
Global Bias vs. Specific Accuracy in Partner Idolization
- Global Bias: Viewing a partner generally in overly positive terms, like "My partner is very kind."
- Specific Accuracy: Evaluating specific partner behaviors, such as "My partner cooked dinner twice this week." Specific behaviors are harder to idealize revealing more grounded perceptions.
Matching Hypothesis (Romantic Relationships)
- People desire the most attractive partner but usually end up with someone matching their attractiveness.
- Perceived compatibility and social dynamics influence the actual matches.
Enhancement vs. Verification
- Enhancement: Compliments or positive feedback temporarily boost mood. But doubts can arise about the praise's accuracy.
- Verification: Individuals seek feedback aligning with their self-image, even negative feedback. This is driven by strong self-concepts, a desire for authentic relationships, and avoiding cognitive dissonance.
Attachment Theory
- Self-Esteem as Social Indicator (Leary): Self-esteem gauges social inclusion/exclusion. Exclusion leads to lower self-esteem and the need for connection.
- Attachment Theory (Bowlby): Early childhood attachment is vital for emotional development. Attachment figures' importance is emphasized. Attachment functions include maintaining proximity, providing a secure base, and offering comfort.
- Strange Situation Procedure (Ainsworth): Assesses infant attachment using separations and reunions with the caregiver, identifying:
- Secure: Comforted by caregiver's return.
- Anxious-Ambivalent: Inconsistent responses create distress.
- Avoidant: Caregiver rejection leads to less emotional response.
- Attachment in Adult Relationships: Attachment patterns influence adult romantic relationships, linking early attachment to adult romantic styles. Hazan & Shaver's Love Quiz assessed this link.
- Attachment-Related Behaviors:
- Secure: Seek support during stress.
- Anxious-Ambivalent: Use emotion-focused coping, preoccupied with distress.
- Avoidant: Use distancing strategies to cope with stress.
- Four Attachment Styles: Secure, Preoccupied, Dismissing, Fearful.
Key Concepts in Happiness and Decision-Making
- Mispredicting Happiness ("Miswanting"): Variety Effect (people overestimate their desire for variety); Affective Contamination (current emotions bias future predictions).
- Durability Bias (Overestimation): We overestimate the duration of emotional responses to events (positive or negative).
- Focalism (Overemphasis): Focusing on one salient aspect when evaluating experiences, like weather affecting overall happiness, while neglecting other factors.
- Immune Neglect (Underestimation): People underestimate their psychological resilience to negative events.
- Duration Neglect (Focus on Peaks and Ends): Evaluating overall experiences by the peak and ending moments.
- Misattribution of Arousal (Attraction): Mistaking excitement from a movie for romantic feelings toward the date.
- Happiness Correlates: Unemployment significantly lowers happiness, relationships and good physical health boost. Religiousness can increase happiness within religious societies.
- Frequency vs. Intensity: Consistent positive experiences are more significant than occasional strong ones.
- Material Simplicity and Happiness: Biswas-Diener's research on isolated communities that live more modestly in comparison, shows that happiness is not solely reliant on wealth.
- Pro-Social Spending: Studies suggest that altruistic spending, such as donating, enhances happiness more than self-serving spending.
- Weather and Mood: Weather's influence on mood is complex, sometimes influenced by contrast with prior good weather, not a consistent predictor.
Wealth and Subjective Well-Being
- Correlation vs. Causality: Wealth correlation with happiness doesn’t imply causation; other factors might influence both.
- Historical & Cultural Context: Global wealth increase since 1950 hasn't directly translated into global happiness increase. Global connectivity may cause dissatisfaction.
- Benefits of Wealth: Wealth correlates with better health, mental state, and lower stress.
- Between-Group vs. Within-Group Differences: Across countries, wealthier countries have higher happiness levels on average, though this gap narrows within countries.
- Life Satisfaction & Positive Affect: Wealthier people tend to report greater life satisfaction. However, this correlation is less strong within countries.
- Wealth in Poor Nations: Wealth correlates with increased well-being more significantly in poorer countries.
- The Super-Rich and Happiness: Surveys of the ultra-wealthy suggest that a very high wealth threshold does correlate with higher happiness.
- Lottery Winners & Adaptation: Lottery winners adapt to their wealth gains and their happiness levels go back to their baseline.
- Materialism & Happiness: Materialism (prioritizing wealth for status) can reduce happiness in contrast to positive motives for wealth (security for example).
- Does Money Lead to Happiness?: Increased wealth can lead to greater well-being particularly when basic needs are met and stress is alleviated, but this correlation weakens as aspirations rise.
Subjective Well-being (Happiness)
- Definition: Subjective well-being (SWB) comprises emotional reactions and cognitive judgments about life quality.
- Measurement: Life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect are used for measurement.
- Heritability: Genetic factors significantly influence happiness, though not solely determining happiness.
- Money & Happiness: Money correlates with well-being until basic needs are met, after which effect diminishes.
- Life Experiences & Setpoint Theory: While life events temporarily change happiness, setpoint theory suggests people return to a baseline. Recent research suggests this is more of a soft setpoint.
- Construct Validity: Happiness rating's validity needs to consider social desirability bias, and peer report's validation. Recent events temporarily alter happiness, especially for negative events.
- Factors Influencing Happiness: Genetics play a role but so do life events, relationships and life conditions. People are happier in positive life conditions.
- Happiness and Health Benefits: Happy people tend to be more resilient and adapt to stress better.
- The Nun Study: Nuns who expressed high positive emotions in their early 20s lived longer.
- Diener family & Positive Psychology: Pioneers in happiness and SWB research, leading the field of positive psychology. Large-scale surveys revealed that 84-89% of Americans and 86% of those in 38 countries reported feeling above average in life satisfaction.
Construal, Construct Activation, Implicit & Explicit Processes, Threat, and Identity
- Construal: Motivated interpretations of the world, filtering through personal needs and contexts.
- Construct Activation: Chronic vs. contextual constructs (e.g., always available concepts like self-concept vs. contextual cues activating concepts).
- Implicit vs. Explicit Processes: Implicit measures like McNulty's study are sometimes more accurate predictors in self-concept, prejudice, and relationships than explicit ones.
- Threat in Social Psychology: Ego threat, group threat, mortality salience are common threats; these can influence identity and SWB.
- Levels of Analysis in Identity: Explores personal, relational, and group identity dimensions.
Final Thoughts
- Teaching is both a privilege and a responsibility, highlighting subjective well-being beyond achievements, toward long-term satisfaction. Future topics include life choices, miswanting, and profiles of happy individuals and students. Focus on meaning and connections rather than solely grades.
Miscellaneous Findings (Various Topics)
- Snack Choice Study: People mispredict future desire for variety, often regretting alternative choices.
- Affective Contamination (Circus Tickets Study): Unrelated good news can falsely connect future experiences with pleasure.
- Durability Bias: Overestimating the duration of emotional reactions. People overestimate long-term effects of events.
- Focalism (Weather): Overemphasizing a single factor (like weather) when judging overall happiness.
- Duration Neglect: Evaluating experiences based on the peak and end, neglecting the overall duration.
- Francis Bacon on Wealth and Happiness: Wealth benefits only when used to help others, creating connections, and bringing satisfaction beyond personal gain. This ties to prosocial spending.
- Income and Happiness: Wealth correlates with well-being until basic needs are met, after which additional gains have diminished returns on happiness.
- Unemployment & Misery: Unemployment's negative effects on happiness are lasting and impactful.
- Religion & Happiness: Religion correlates with reported happiness within religious contexts, but this effect diminishes outside of specific social contexts.
- Experience vs. Material Items: Experiences generally lead to longer lasting happiness than material possessions.
- Adaptations to Life Events: People adapt to life events like winning the lottery or becoming a widow, returning to their happiness baseline over time.
- Counterintuitive Nature of Wealth & Altruism: Altruism and spending on others yields more happiness than solely self-serving spending.
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Description
This quiz explores various aspects of self-conscious emotions, conformity, and online interactions. It examines findings related to mimicry, low self-esteem, and the psychological impact of avatars. Test your understanding of how emotional dynamics play out in social contexts and online environments.
