L1 & L2 | The Psychology of Eating and Drinking

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason the brain does not rely on proteins for energy?

The brain requires a higher oxygen supply.

Doing so could damage the brain. (correct)

Proteins cannot be converted into glucose.

Proteins are less efficient than carbohydrates.

Which metabolic pathways are primarily involved in energy generation?

Glycolysis, Aerobic respiration, Creatine phosphate pathway

Glycolysis, Lactic acid cycle, Protein metabolism

Kreb’s cycle, Fatty acid oxidation, Lactic acid cycle

Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Lactic acid cycle (correct)

What metric is used to assess fitness related to oxygen delivery to muscles?

Lactic threshold

Metabolic equivalent

Cardiac output

VO2 max (correct)

What can all energy sources ultimately be converted into by the body?

Fat Signup and view all the answers

What statement about body fat storage is accurate?

All macronutrients can be converted and stored as fat. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tapeworms that distinguishes them from other organisms?

They can produce a large number of eggs daily. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship of the Maasai with cattle?

They act as parasites by feeding on cattle blood and milk. Signup and view all the answers

What adaptive feature do parasites typically exhibit?

Loss of movement in adult forms. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of an omnivorous diet for animals?

It provides them with a flexible feeding strategy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the lifecycle of a tapeworm?

Requires multiple hosts for completion. Signup and view all the answers

What are essential proteins primarily made from?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for blood clotting?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

What are the two monosaccharides that make up sucrose?

Glucose and fructose Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency is associated with a lack of Vitamin C?

Scurvy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of obesity surgery regarding fat absorption?

Decreased fat absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is associated with energy metabolism and can lead to glossitis if deficient?

Vitamin B2 Signup and view all the answers

In what form is HFCS primarily used in the USA?

In soft drinks Signup and view all the answers

Which of these vitamins is classified as water-soluble?

Niacin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

To provide energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of lactose?

Glucose and galactose Signup and view all the answers

What condition is linked to Vitamin D deficiency during childhood?

Rickets Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of protein in the body?

Tissue maintenance and growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fruits is high in fructose?

Ripe pears Signup and view all the answers

What unit is approximately 1 lb equal to?

0.45 kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason humans prefer sweet and fatty foods?

They provide higher energy. Signup and view all the answers

What type of predator includes organisms like whales and certain filter feeders?

Browsing predators Signup and view all the answers

How do baleen whales primarily consume their food?

By forcing water out through baleen plates. Signup and view all the answers

What unique physical characteristic assists blue whales in feeding?

Baleen plates for filtering. Signup and view all the answers

What animal do leopard seals primarily hunt?

Seals and penguins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the blue whale's stomach?

It can hold up to 10,000kg of food. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior describes how leopard seals hunt their prey?

They cruise and wait for opportunities. Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of the venom from certain carnivorous mammals mentioned?

Acts as a potent anesthetic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic behavior of hunters?

They actively seek and chase prey. Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the feeding strategy of filter feeders like certain sharks and baleen whales?

Filtering. Signup and view all the answers

What benefit do animals gain from having a flexible diet?

They can adjust rapidly to changing environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant risk associated with dietary variety in omnivores?

Facing the omnivores paradox. Signup and view all the answers

What is inferred about animals with a constrained diet?

They always know which foods are safe to eat. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a food that can result in poisoning?

Shellfish with marine neurotoxins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of eating Lathyrsm, the Grass pea?

It causes paralysis in lower limbs. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when cassava is improperly processed?

It produces high levels of cyanide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary danger of toxic hypoglycemia?

It leads to a rapid drop in blood sugar levels. Signup and view all the answers

How does dietary flexibility help animals survive food scarcity?

It allows them to adapt to different environments. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

The psychology of eating and drinking is the topic of the course.
The instructor is Dick Stevenson ([email protected]).
Tutorials begin next week.
Students should obtain the course handbook from iLearn.
The handbook includes the course timetable and other important information.

Why study Feeding & Drinking?

Eating and drinking are essential for survival.
Evolutionary forces have shaped our behavior and physiology related to ingestion.
Colour vision has evolved in connection with primates and ripe fruit.
A drive to consume sugar and fat is hardwired.
Bipedalism is connected to predator detection and hunting.
Physiologies are important for reasons such as survival, lower IQ and obesity.
Malnourishment and obesity are global concerns.

Why study Feeding and Drinking? (continued)

A significant portion of the world's population, over 1.2 billion people, are undernourished and hungry.
Another 1.2 billion people are dealing with overweight and obesity.
This is an important issue due to its consequences, such as lowered IQ, lost earnings, and entrenched poverty.
Obesity is costly and leads to shortened lifespans and chronic diseases.
Understanding obesity and malnourishment requires looking at socioeconomic, biological, behavioral, and psychological factors.

Why study Feeding & Drinking? (continued)

In the West, 15% of adults are alcohol dependent.
This results in 100,000 preventable deaths annually in the US alone
Studying biological, psychological, social, and socioeconomic factors that contribute to alcohol dependence is necessary.
Processed foods are also considered in relation to dependence.

Answers?

Studying eating disorders, obesity, starvation, and alcohol dependence requires understanding typical ingestion behaviors.
The factors behind those decisions must be considered.
Societal factors, the economy, and health must be considered.

Course Structure

The course will start with examining the basics of Ingestion.
Key components of ingestion are energy metabolism, food types, the digestive system, water balance, and eating and drinking strategies in other animals.

Then...

Key topics for upcoming weeks detail how we perceive food and drink, the nature of thirst, food preferences, food taboos, psychobiology of food intake, & the food system.
Furthermore, the course will explore obesity, starvation, eating disorders, body image, dieting, and related topics.

Things you need to know

All lectures and videos are online.
Some videos cannot be shown using iLearn.
There will be a review session in the last week of the course.
The course materials (including lecture notes, Logue chapter, and tutorial papers) are compulsory.
Please refer to the Course Handbook for additional information.

Assessment

The end-of-semester exam is 50% multiple choice.
The exam will cover the material presented in lectures. (excluding videos)
The second 50% of the assessment is the personal research project.

Energy Metabolism

Food provides energy to the body
The body converts food into mechanical energy for muscles, electrical energy for nerves, and heat to maintain temperature.
Key food components are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, providing significant energies in kcal.

What are the bodies energy needs?

The body expends energy at rest (BMR).
Roughly 70-80% of the food consumed is used to maintain BMR.
BMR varies with age, pregnancy, and muscle mass.
Activity levels affect energy expenditure, as do illness & various other factors.

Calculating Energy Needs

Most charts providing caloric intake are based on BMR and activity level estimations.
Activity level ranges from light to heavy.
Heavy activity correlates with physical activity for much of the day.

Consequences

Average Australians require approximately 3270 kcals per day with moderate levels of activity.
In contrast, concentration camp inmates consumed around 700 kcals daily.

Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats

Detailed information concerning the chemical composition & functionality of carbohydrates, fats and proteins are covered here.
Many references are included on the composition and functionality of them.

Micronutrients, Minerals

The importance of various essential minerals and micronutrients.
The importance of balance in diets is highlighted.
Key minerals covered include: Calcium, Phosphorus, sodium, potassium, Magnesium.
Trace minerals also receive attention.

Human Digestive System

Detailed information on the digestive system's function, organs, and components is covered.
Key processes like mechanical, chemical digestion and enzymatic breakdown are included.

Human digestive system-gross anatomy

Descriptions and diagrams of the digestive system's organs in detail.
Descriptions encompass the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

Small intestine , Large intestine

Detailed description concerning the small intestine, and its length & features.
The large intestine is described with details concerning length, and components.
A diagram provides additional context.

Water balance

Water is essential from an ecological context.
Detailed quantities of water loss from the body through various channels are provided.
A description exists related to daily water consumption.

Conclusion

The course has covered the various feeding strategies employed by diverse species.
The concepts of hunger and satiety vary across animal species, in this context.

Feeding in Parasites

Defining characteristics of parasitic feeding are provided.
A parasite's evolutionary adaptations, reproduction, and lifestyle necessitate the host's survival for their existence.

Feeding in omnivores

Description of omnivorous feeding strategies
The advantages and disadvantages of this feeding strategy are discussed.
Details concerning the relationship of the omnivorous feeding style to humans.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Omnivorism

Animals that consume a wide range of foods thrive in variable environments.
They can survive periods of scarcity and benefit when certain foods abound.
Omnivorous animals have a flexible and adaptable approach.
Consuming a wide variety of foods poses risks for omnivores (nutrients and toxins).

Consequences (omnivores)

A method to resolve omnivore paradoxes is to develop sensory systems that can recognize the suitability of food.
Learning about nutritional value, safety, seasonality of foods, and learning from others.
Omnivores tend to avoid bitter foods, rotten foods, and unfamiliar foods.

Conclusions

The course has evaluated various feeding strategies.
The key topics will form the topics for future lectures.

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Description

This quiz explores the psychological aspects of eating and drinking, focusing on evolutionary influences and physiological needs. It delves into how color vision, nutritional drives, and human behavior have developed over time. Gain insights into the global issues of malnourishment and obesity.