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Questions and Answers
Miller (1956) suggested that chunking can increase the capacity of ______ memory.
Miller (1956) suggested that chunking can increase the capacity of ______ memory.
short-term
Peterson & Peterson (1959) found that the duration of short-term memory is between ______ and 30 seconds.
Peterson & Peterson (1959) found that the duration of short-term memory is between ______ and 30 seconds.
18
Wagnaar (1986) tested the recall of entries from a diary to find that the capacity of ______ memory is large.
Wagnaar (1986) tested the recall of entries from a diary to find that the capacity of ______ memory is large.
long-term
Bahrick (1984) demonstrated that the duration of long-term memory is very ______.
Bahrick (1984) demonstrated that the duration of long-term memory is very ______.
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One criticism of the multi-store model is its use of ______ tasks in experiments, which lacks ecological validity.
One criticism of the multi-store model is its use of ______ tasks in experiments, which lacks ecological validity.
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The multi-store model of memory was proposed by ______ and Shiffrin in 1968.
The multi-store model of memory was proposed by ______ and Shiffrin in 1968.
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Information is transferred from the sensory register to short-term memory through ______.
Information is transferred from the sensory register to short-term memory through ______.
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The capacity of short-term memory is approximately ______ items.
The capacity of short-term memory is approximately ______ items.
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The duration of sensory memory is about ______ milliseconds.
The duration of sensory memory is about ______ milliseconds.
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The process of repeating information to keep it in short-term memory is known as ______.
The process of repeating information to keep it in short-term memory is known as ______.
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Long-term memory is believed to have a ______ capacity.
Long-term memory is believed to have a ______ capacity.
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The coding of information in long-term memory is primarily ______.
The coding of information in long-term memory is primarily ______.
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According to Glanzer & Cunitz, there is a primacy-recency effect observed in ______ and long-term memories.
According to Glanzer & Cunitz, there is a primacy-recency effect observed in ______ and long-term memories.
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Study Notes
Multi-store Model of Memory
- Proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.
- An information-processing model, processing information linearly with passive memory stores.
- Three memory stores: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Features of Memory Stores
- Coding: The format of stored information.
- Capacity: The amount of information stored.
- Duration: The length of time information is held.
Sensory Memory
- Coding: Modality-specific (dependent on sense organ).
- Capacity: Very large, possibly unlimited.
- Duration: 250 milliseconds (a quarter of a second).
Short-Term Memory
- Coding: Primarily acoustic (sound-based).
- Capacity: 7 items plus or minus 2.
- Duration: 18 to 30 seconds.
Long-Term Memory
- Coding: Primarily semantic (meaning-based, connected to other information).
- Capacity: Very large, potentially unlimited.
- Duration: Very large, potentially unlimited.
Transferring Information Between Stores
- Sensory register to short-term memory via attention.
- Maintenance rehearsal: repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.
- Elaborative rehearsal: linking new information to existing knowledge.
Losing Information
- Sensory register loses information if not attended to.
- Short-term memory loses information if not rehearsed or replaced.
- Long-term memory loses information due to retrieval limitations, not necessarily loss of information itself.
Research Evidence for the Multi-Store Model
- Glanzer & Cunitz (1966): Primacy-recency effect, suggesting different short-term and long-term memory processes.
- Sperling (1960): Large sensory memory capacity demonstrated by partial report technique.
- Baddeley (1966): Acoustic similarity affects short-term memory, semantic similarity affects long-term memory.
- Jacobs (1887): Estimated short-term memory capacity around 7 items.
- Miller (1956): Chunking increases short-term memory capacity.
- Peterson & Peterson (1959): Short-term memory duration is 18-30 seconds.
- Wagnaar (1986): Large long-term memory capacity revealed by diary recall over six years.
- Bahrick (1984): Long-term memory has a very long duration, demonstrated by school friend photograph recall.
Criticisms of the Multi-Store Model
- Artificiality: Experiment tasks lack ecological validity, with unrealistic contexts.
- Simplification: Assumes unitary and passive short-term and long-term stores.
- Lack of Face Validity: Fails to fully explain memories stored and changing capacity of short-term memory.
Other Important Points
- Theoretical model, inferences based on observed behaviour.
- Sensory memory's large capacity, short duration is supported by evolutionary theory.
- The multi-store model is considered relatively simplistic. It has been developed and revised.
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Description
Explore the multi-store model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. This quiz covers the key features of sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, including coding, capacity, and duration. Test your understanding of how information is processed and stored in the brain.
