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Questions and Answers

What physiological state drives you to seek food when blood sugar levels drop?

  • Thirst
  • Fatigue
  • Hunger (correct)
  • Anxiety

What role do habits play according to drive theory?

  • They prevent food consumption.
  • They eliminate drive states.
  • They influence future behavioral responses. (correct)
  • They increase physiological needs.

What is the relationship between arousal levels and student experiences during stressful periods?

  • Students crave optimal arousal during relaxation.
  • Students feel bored after exams due to lack of challenges.
  • Students feel overwhelmed when their arousal is too low.
  • Students tend to seek stimulation when underaroused. (correct)

When do many students experience a desire to return to school?

<p>At the beginning of fall semester. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept explains the need to maintain optimal levels of arousal?

<p>Drive theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior may people engage in when experiencing overarousal?

<p>Seeking relaxation or rest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that can enhance students' intrinsic motivation to learn?

<p>Challenging yet doable activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens after the stress of an academic semester ends?

<p>Students quickly seek stimulation as they feel bored. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of classroom setting is Hakim likely to feel more intrinsic motivation?

<p>A class that encourages student-led discussions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Family Law professor's teaching style most likely result in for students?

<p>Lower levels of intrinsic motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does drive theory relate to hunger and eating behavior?

<p>Eating reduces hunger and eliminates the drive state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to a nuanced understanding of behavior in educational settings?

<p>Incorporating both situational and cultural influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was William James known for in the context of education and motivation?

<p>Contributing early research into motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can classroom evaluations negatively impact students' motivation?

<p>By fostering a sense of unpredictability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates a negative influence on intrinsic motivation?

<p>Students are frequently criticized for incorrect answers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a collectivistic culture in an educational setting?

<p>Focus on group success and harmony (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Masters and Johnson's research primarily challenge regarding penis size?

<p>The relationship between penis size and sexual pleasure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate definition of bisexuality?

<p>Attraction to both one's own gender and another gender (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is asexuality different from being aromantic?

<p>Asexuality specifically relates to sexual attraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pansexual' imply about sexual attraction?

<p>Attraction to people without regard to their gender or sex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the elasticity of the vagina according to Masters and Johnson?

<p>The vagina is a very elastic structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sexual orientations is characterized by no sexual attraction?

<p>Asexuality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Masters and Johnson's research within the field of sexual studies?

<p>Studying the sexual response cycle and reproductive anatomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abbreviation is commonly associated with diverse sexual orientations?

<p>LGBTQ+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Mauss and her colleagues find about strategies for dealing with negative emotions?

<p>They can reduce negative emotions and increase psychological health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Barrett's view on emotions differ from traditional views?

<p>Emotions are constructed based on personal experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Barrett's constructivist theory, what role do predictions play in experiencing emotions?

<p>They help to construct emotions from identical physiological states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Zajonc assert regarding emotions and cognitive interpretation?

<p>Some emotions occur before cognitive interpretation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the nature of emotions according to the constructivist theory is accurate?

<p>Emotions are constructed from experiences and can vary based on context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the amygdala and nucleus accumbens play in sexual behavior?

<p>They are linked to sexual motivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do disorders involving abnormal hypothalamic function affect sexual function?

<p>They are associated with hypogonadism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does Barrett's theory suggest about controlling emotions?

<p>Emotions can be controlled and influenced by individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of Zajonc's views regarding instant emotional reactions?

<p>They can be based on gut feelings and occur without cognitive processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between testosterone levels and sexual motivation?

<p>Higher testosterone levels generally correlate with increased sexual motivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Barrett's theory view the relationship between physiological states and emotions?

<p>They can lead to different emotions based on individual predictions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key contribution of Dr. Alfred Kinsey to the understanding of human sexuality?

<p>He initiated large-scale survey research on human sexuality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the public perception of physicians regarding sexual issues before the late 1940s?

<p>They were considered the primary authorities on sex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which years were Kinsey's notable books published?

<p>1948 and 1953 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Kinsey Institute for Research?

<p>It conducts research on human sexuality, sex, and reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sex hormones from gonads affect sexual motivation in animals?

<p>They are necessary for sexual motivation in many animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of appraisal theory?

<p>Cognitive appraisals influence the emotions experienced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Schachter and Singer, what role does cognitive appraisal play in emotional experiences?

<p>It can misattribute bodily responses to different emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided, how might two different people react to being selected to lecture on emotion?

<p>One may feel happy while the other feels discomfort based on their appraisals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response did participants receive in the Schachter and Singer experiment?

<p>Epinephrine injection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes a result of the Schachter and Singer experiment?

<p>Physiological arousal was identical for all groups but emotions differed due to cognitive appraisal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of misattributing arousal imply in the context of emotions?

<p>Arousal from one stimulus can be incorrectly associated with a different emotion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to differing emotional reactions to the same event, according to appraisal theory?

<p>Personal history and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the content provided, what is a confederate?

<p>An individual working on behalf of the researcher. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sexual Orientation

A person's emotional, romantic, and/or erotic attraction towards other people or no people.

Lesbian/Gay

Attraction to people of the same gender or sex.

Bisexual

Attraction to people of their own gender and another gender.

Pansexual

Experiences attraction without regard to sex, gender identity or gender expression.

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Asexual

Does not experience sexual attraction or has little or no interest in sexual activity.

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Heterosexual (Straight)

Experiences attraction to people of a different gender or sex.

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Aromantic

Does not experience romantic attraction.

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LGBTQ+

An abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning.

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Situational and Cultural Influences

Focuses on understanding individuals' behavior by considering both the situation and cultural influences.

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Sense of Belonging and Respect in Classrooms

The feeling of belonging and respect within a learning environment.

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Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from within the individual, driven by personal interest rather than external rewards.

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Internalization of Learning Values

Internalization of values and beliefs, where students adopt them as their own, leading to genuine engagement with learning.

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Student Control Over Learning

Giving students control over their learning process, such as choosing projects or methods, fosters deeper engagement and motivation.

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Challenging and Doable Tasks

Providing students with challenging yet achievable tasks and clear reasons for learning, increases their intrinsic motivation.

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Collaborative and Respectful Classroom

A classroom environment where teachers prioritize collaboration, respectful dialogue, and student-driven projects.

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Student-Designed Research Projects

Focusing on student-designed research projects as a core component of a course, allowing for deeper exploration and ownership of learning.

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Drive State

A state of physiological need that motivates behavior to reduce the need. For example, low blood sugar triggers a physiological need (hunger) that motivates us to eat.

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Habit

A learned pattern of behavior that we regularly engage in, especially when facing a drive state. E.g., eating a sandwich whenever feeling hungry.

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Arousal Theory

The theory suggesting that we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. If we are underaroused, we seek stimulation, and if overaroused, we seek to reduce arousal.

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Underarousal

The state of being under-stimulated or bored. We seek out stimulation to increase arousal.

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Overarousal

The state of being over-stimulated or stressed. We engage in behaviors to reduce arousal.

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Optimal Arousal

The ideal level of arousal that allows for optimal performance. It's not too high or too low.

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Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment, such as body temperature or blood sugar level.

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Drive Theory

A theoretical framework suggesting that behavior is motivated by physiological needs and drives. These needs create tension, which motivates us to seek out behaviors that reduce the tension.

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Appraisal

The process of evaluating a situation or an event based on its personal significance.

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Appraisal Theory

A theory that suggests our thoughts about a situation determine our emotional response.

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Physiological Arousal

The physical changes in our body that occur during emotional experiences, such as increased heart rate or sweating.

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Cognitive Appraisal of Arousal

The process of attributing arousal to a specific emotion based on the surrounding context.

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Epinephrine

A hormone that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, causing physical changes similar to those experienced during stress or excitement.

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Confederate

An individual who participates in an experiment but is actually part of the research team, acting in a predetermined way to manipulate the situation.

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Blind Study

A research method where participants are unaware of the true purpose or conditions of the study, helping to avoid bias.

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Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

The idea that physiological arousal is similar across various emotions, and understanding the context is key to identifying which emotion is being experienced.

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Role of Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens in Sexual Behavior

The amygdala and nucleus accumbens are brain regions crucial for motivation and desire related to sexual behavior. However, they don't directly control the ability to physically engage in sex.

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Hormonal Influence on Sexual Motivation

Hormones, especially testosterone, play a significant role in influencing sexual motivation across all genders, though the specific effects can vary.

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Kinsey's Research on Human Sexuality

Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted extensive surveys on human sexuality in the mid-20th century, breaking barriers and providing valuable data for a better understanding of sexual behaviors.

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Hypothalamus and Sexual Function

Conditions affecting the hypothalamus can lead to reduced sexual function due to its role in hormonal regulation and control of the gonads.

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Dissociation of Sexual Motivation and Physical Ability in Humans

Erectile dysfunction medications are popular, highlighting that sexual motivation and physical ability to perform sexually can be distinct in humans.

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Sex Hormones and Sexual Motivation in Animals

Although not directly applicable to humans, animal studies demonstrate the crucial role of sex hormones in driving sexual motivation, highlighting the biological basis of desire.

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Impact of Kinsey's Research

Dr. Alfred Kinsey's research opened up a much-needed dialogue about human sexuality, moving beyond traditional, often inaccurate, sources of information about sex.

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Parallels Between Human and Animal Sexual Behavior

Despite being complex, human sexual behavior shares some similarities with animals, providing insights into the biological mechanisms involved in sexual motivation and arousal.

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Emotion Regulation Strategies

Strategies that can reduce negative emotions, potentially leading to improved psychological health.

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Constructivist Theory of Emotions

The idea that emotions are not innate but are constructed based on our experiences and predictions about the world.

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Emotional Concepts

Predictions about the world that shape our emotional experiences.

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Emotional Construction from Physiology

Two identical physiological states can lead to different emotions based on our predictions and interpretations.

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Zajonc's Theory of Emotional Primacy

The idea that some emotions occur independently of cognitive processing, like feeling fear in response to a sudden loud sound.

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Gut Feeling

A sudden, unexplainable feeling of liking or disliking someone or something.

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Cognitive Appraisal

The process of evaluating and interpreting sensory information to understand the world.

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Interdisciplinary Approach to Emotions

A research perspective that examines how emotions are interconnected with other psychological processes like thinking, behavior, and social interaction.

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Study Notes

Motivation

  • Motivation describes wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal
  • Motivation can be intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external)
  • Intrinsically motivated behaviors are performed for personal satisfaction
  • Extrinsically motivated behaviors are performed for external rewards
  • Motivations are often a mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors

Intrinsic Motivation

  • Autonomy
  • Mastery
  • Purpose

Extrinsic Motivation

  • Compensation
  • Punishment
  • Reward

Intrinsic Motivation and Education

  • Intrinsic motivation involves learning for the sake of personal growth
  • Extrinsic motivation involves learning to obtain rewards or meet demands from others

Motivation and Overjustification Effect

  • Overjustification effect occurs when intrinsic motivation diminishes with extrinsic motivation

Theories About Motivation

  • Instinct theory: Behavior is driven by instincts (species-specific patterns not learned)
  • Drive theory: Maintaining homeostasis is central to motivation and behavior (e.g., hunger)
  • Arousal theory: Maintaining optimal levels of arousal is important for motivation (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
  • Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to complete a task affects motivation
  • Social Motives: Achievement, affiliation, intimacy are key factors in motivation
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A hierarchy of needs, ranging from physiological to self-actualization, that must be met in order for individuals to be motivated

Physiological Mechanisms

  • Homeostasis: The maintenance of balance within a biological system
  • Physiological needs drive behavior(e.g., hunger)
  • Chemical messages (e.g., glucose levels) regulate behavior and motivation
  • Satiety signals (e.g., leptin) indicate fullness and stop eating

Metabolism and Body Weight

  • Caloric intake versus calories burned influences weight
  • Metabolic rate (amount of energy expended) varies individually
  • Set-point theory: Individuals have an ideal, resistant-to-change body weight

Obesity

  • BMI (body mass index) is used to assess healthy weight ranges
  • Obesity is associated with higher risks of certain diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes etc.)
  • Several factors influence weight, including gene-environment interactions, and caloric balance

Eating Disorders

  • Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are serious eating disorders often characterized by fear of weight gain and various behaviors to combat the fear
  • These disorders frequently result in significant health consequences, such as malnutrition or other issues

Sexual Behavior and Motivation

  • Physiological mechanisms (e.g., hypothalamus, amygdala) are crucial to sexual behavior
  • Sexual orientation and gender identity are complex, influenced by a variety of factors
  • Research, like Kinsey's studies, has broadened our understanding of human sexual behavior

Gender Identity

  • Gender identity is a person's internal sense of being male, female, or another gender.
  • Influences include biological, psychological, and cultural factors
  • Many issues related to gender identity are debated and are subjects of continuing research

Facial Expression of Emotions

  • Emotions are complex, involving physiological responses, appraisals, and subjective experiences.
  • Cultural display rules influence the expression of emotions

Theories of Emotion

  • James-Lange theory: Arousal first, then emotion
  • Cannon-Bard theory: Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
  • Schachter-Singer two-factor theory: Arousal and cognitive appraisal are combined
  • Lazarus cognitive mediational theory: Appraisal determines emotion

Biology of Emotions

  • Limbic system (hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus) plays roles
  • Amygdala is important for fear and anxiety
  • Hippocampus is involved in emotional responses

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Chapter 10: Motivation PDF

Description

Explore the various theories of motivation, including intrinsic and extrinsic factors that drive behavior toward goals. Understand the implications of motivation in educational settings and the concept of the overjustification effect. This quiz will test your comprehension of different motivational theories and their applications.

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