Podcast
Questions and Answers
Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior.
Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior.
respondent; operant
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. This is a ________ schedule.
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. This is a ________ schedule.
variable-ratio
Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to ______________.
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to ______________.
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Michael's whining best illustrates:
Michael's whining best illustrates:
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Which of the following arguments should Irene use to support her position against spanking?
Which of the following arguments should Irene use to support her position against spanking?
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This best illustrates the value of positive reinforcement:
This best illustrates the value of positive reinforcement:
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One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior.
One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior.
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Nannette's response to her daughter's behavior is an example of:
Nannette's response to her daughter's behavior is an example of:
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__________________ behavior operates on the environment, whereas ________________ behavior involves actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus.
__________________ behavior operates on the environment, whereas ________________ behavior involves actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus.
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For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.
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If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This best illustrates:
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This best illustrates:
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Rhonda is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ______________ schedule.
Rhonda is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ______________ schedule.
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_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur and is this psychologist's principle.
The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur and is this psychologist's principle.
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Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer?
Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer?
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These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.
These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior.
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A word of praise is to a delicious meal as ______________ is to ______________.
A word of praise is to a delicious meal as ______________ is to ______________.
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_______________________ involves an aversive stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
_______________________ involves an aversive stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
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The squirt of water is a:
The squirt of water is a:
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The law of effect laid the foundation for:
The law of effect laid the foundation for:
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With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.
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Which of the following processes does NOT apply commonly to both types of learning?
Which of the following processes does NOT apply commonly to both types of learning?
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Critics of B.F. Skinner were concerned that:
Critics of B.F. Skinner were concerned that:
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According to B.F. Skinner, environmental factors determine a person's behavior.
According to B.F. Skinner, environmental factors determine a person's behavior.
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Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is TRUE?
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B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's:
B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's:
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B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both:
B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both:
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Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
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Kendra learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of:
Kendra learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of:
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According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
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Four years ago, the Acme Tool and Dye manufacturers included its employees in a profit-sharing plan. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of:
Four years ago, the Acme Tool and Dye manufacturers included its employees in a profit-sharing plan. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of:
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When grocery shopping with his mother, 3-year-old Dre sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular cereal. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should:
When grocery shopping with his mother, 3-year-old Dre sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular cereal. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should:
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of:
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Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as _____ are to _____.
Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as _____ are to _____.
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Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?
Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?
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Study Notes
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
- Classical conditioning deals with respondent behavior, which includes automatic responses to stimuli.
- Operant conditioning involves operant behavior, focusing on actions that operate on the environment.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- A variable-ratio schedule is exemplified by gamblers, as their reinforcement is unpredictable, sustaining the behavior.
- Positive reinforcement occurs when a desired behavior is strengthened by presenting a stimulus after the response.
- Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus.
- A fixed-interval schedule involves reinforcement after a set period, while a variable-interval schedule has unpredictable reinforcement timing.
Principles of Behavior Modification
- Shaping is a technique of guiding behavior toward a complex task using successive approximations.
- The law of effect, established by Thorndike, states that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.
- Negative punishment involves removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Applications in Parenting and Education
- Effective behavior management can include ignoring undesirable behaviors, such as temper tantrums.
- Using shaping and immediate reinforcement in teaching machines can enhance the learning process.
- Arguments against spanking emphasize that it may not effectively control behavior, suggesting alternative methods for discipline.
Behavioral Insights
- Secondary reinforcers gain power through association with primary reinforcers (e.g., food).
- Children may behave more positively when they receive rewards, illustrating the role of cognitive processes in learning.
Criticism of Learning Theories
- Critics of B.F. Skinner argue that his approach neglects personal freedom and dignity, viewing behavior as solely determined by environmental factors.
- Skinner maintained that behaviors are shaped by consequences rather than individual choices.
Associative Learning
- Both classical and operant conditioning involve associative learning, whereby connections are made between behaviors and responses.
- An example of respondent behavior is blushing in response to embarrassment, as it is an involuntary reaction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on classical and operant conditioning with this quiz based on Module 21. Focus on core concepts like respondent behavior and variable-ratio schedules, highlighting key differences and examples. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these conditioning types.
