PSYC303 Exam 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the behavioral pattern shown by the individual who has done nothing after quickly finishing the first paper?

Post-reinforcement pause

While in Dr.F's class you know that you will get a break every 50 min. This is an example of _____ schedule, and Dr.G's class with unknown breaks is an example of ____ schedule.

FI; VI

When different schedules of reinforcement are compared, what does produce more _____ than interval schedules?

Ratio schedules; responses

Lorely's pigeon pecks a key for food. If its behavior is reinforced using a _________ schedule of reinforcement, what can be assumed?

<p>Fixed ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the rate of reinforcement for machine A is ______ and for machine B is ______, based on fixed interval schedules, what are the rates?

<p>6/10; 4/10</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the matching law, how will Anna's rate of responding for machine A compare to machine B?

<p>Higher than</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it demonstrate when one pigeon responds more to a white triangle and another to a red circle after exposure to both?

<p>Stimulus control developed in both pigeons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is being taught when a child learns to talk with familiar individuals but not strangers?

<p>Stimulus discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when the presence of one stimulus hinders learning about another?

<p>Overshadowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the pigeon experiment, it was found that pigeons pressed the lever in the presence of the _______ but not the _______.

<p>Light; sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about Akira's behavior in relation to hand claps?

<p>High discrimination and low generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the stimulus-element approach assume?

<p>Stimulus elements maintain individual control of behavior even when in a compound stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about Maria's rat's performance after six trials in the maze?

<p>Learned the instrumental behavior of taking the appropriate turn in the maze</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chained schedules?

<p>A sequence of two or more simple schedules, where the last results in the delivery of a reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an efficient way to endure a long-chained schedule?

<p>Breaking it down into components and mastering each component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the backward chaining method?

<p>Training the final link first and the initial link last</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the matching law?

<p>It states that the relative response rate on each alternative matches the relative rate of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is there an example of stimulus discrimination?

<p>A child crossing the street on a green light</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus generalization?

<p>When an organism responds similarly to two or more stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can stimulus generalization facilitate therapeutic outcomes?

<p>By allowing learned responses to be applied in environments outside treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT determine the degree of stimulus control?

<p>The physical strength of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is belongingness in the context of behavior and reinforcement?

<p>It refers to the idea that certain responses are more likely to be associated with specific reinforcers due to the organism's evolutionary history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Conditioned Place Preference paradigm, a rat is predicted to spend ______ time in the food-associated compartment after conditioning.

<p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reinforces a salesman's behavior when knocking on doors?

<p>Intermittent schedule of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of schedule is a VR schedule?

<p>Variable Ratio schedule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between classical conditioning and instrumental (operant) conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning involves adjustment to events that the organism cannot control, while instrumental conditioning is goal-directed and involves active behaviors impacting the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the important theoreticians in early and modern approaches to the study of instrumental conditioning?

<p>E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the theoretical and practical components of discrete trial procedures?

<p>Discrete trial procedures include specific tasks with a defined start and end, often measured by performance metrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment?

<p>Positive reinforcement increases response rate by delivering a stimulus, negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus, positive punishment decreases response by adding a stimulus, and negative punishment involves removing a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can omission training/DRO be utilized as treatment for self-injurious behaviors?

<p>DRO combines negative punishment and positive reinforcement to omit reinforcement for self-injurious behaviors while promoting non-self-injurious actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of the instrumental response on the efficacy of instrumental conditioning procedures?

<p>Instrumental responses may require repetition or variability, and are influenced by the relevance or belongingness of the behavior to the reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of the instrumental reinforcer on the efficacy of instrumental conditioning procedures?

<p>The quantity and quality of the reinforcer affects performance. A shift in reinforcer quality or quantity can lead to negative or positive behavioral contrasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of the response-reinforcer relationship on the efficacy of instrumental conditioning?

<p>The contingency and temporal continuity of the response-reinforcer relationship influence learning effectiveness and the potential for superstitious behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the triadic design used to investigate the learned helplessness effect?

<p>The triadic design evaluates the effects of uncontrollable shocks on subsequent escape-avoidance learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between continuous schedules and intermittent schedules of reinforcement?

<p>Continuous reinforcement reinforces the desired response every time it occurs, while intermittent reinforcement may reinforce responses occasionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedules of intermittent reinforcement were covered in class?

<p>Variable Interval (VI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Fixed Interval (FI) reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed, predictable period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after varying, unpredictable periods of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can we test and record the effect of different schedules of intermittent reinforcement in the lab?

<p>By using a cumulative recorder of behavior to track response rates and patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chained schedules?

<p>Chained schedules are complex reinforcement schedules requiring several steps or responses to achieve a final outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning vs. Instrumental Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning involves predictive adjustments to uncontrollable environmental events.
  • Instrumental (operant) conditioning relies on behaviors resulting in consequences, fostering goal-directed actions.
  • Behaviors in instrumental conditioning actively influence the environment, contrasting the reactive nature of classical conditioning.

Theoreticians in Instrumental Conditioning

  • E.L. Thorndike pioneered instrumental conditioning with puzzle boxes, revealing S-R associations.
  • He proposed the Law of Effect: satisfying outcomes strengthen, while unsatisfying outcomes weaken the S-R association.
  • B.F. Skinner introduced free-operant methods, highlighting continuous behavior rather than discrete trial limitations.

Discrete Trial Procedures vs. Free-Operant Procedures

  • Discrete trial procedures involve a structured start and end, suited for specific tasks (e.g., mazes).
  • Free-operant methods focus on continuous behavior execution to achieve objectives, emphasizing response shaping through successive approximations.

Reinforcement and Punishment

  • Positive reinforcement increases response rates (e.g., praise following desired behavior).
  • Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, also increasing behavior frequency.
  • Positive punishment introduces an aversive stimulus to reduce behavior (e.g., a parking ticket).
  • Negative punishment removes a positive stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., time-out).

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors (DRO)

  • DRO combines negative punishment and positive reinforcement to shift focus from self-injurious behaviors to more desirable behaviors.
  • Prefers to use negative punishment over positive punishment for treatment purposes.

Effects of Instrumental Response

  • Responses may show variability or repetitive patterns (stereotypy) based on reinforcement framing.
  • Relevance or belongingness connects responses to reinforcers based on evolutionary history, impacting instinctive responses.

Instrumental Reinforcer Efficacy

  • The quality and quantity of reinforcers affect performance; larger reinforcers lead to more effort in tasks.
  • Negative behavioral contrast occurs when a shift from a more to a less favorable reinforcement diminishes performance.

Response-Reinforcer Relationship

  • Response-reinforcer contingency and temporal contiguity are critical; immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed.
  • Lack of perceived control can hinder learning, leading to learned helplessness in both animals and humans.

Learned Helplessness Effect

  • Exposure to uncontrollable outcomes disrupts later escape-avoidance learning, exemplifying learned helplessness.
  • Findings connect learned helplessness to various human mental health issues, illuminating the impacts of perceived lack of control.

Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcement

  • Continuous reinforcement provides a reward every time a behavior occurs; effective for shaping new behaviors.
  • Intermittent reinforcement offers rewards at variable rates, leading to more persistent behavior.

Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement

  • Ratio schedules depend on the number of responses, while interval schedules depend on time.
  • Fixed schedules provide consistent criteria, whereas variable schedules rely on unpredictable criteria, impacting response patterns.

Chain Schedules

  • Chain schedules consist of multiple linked tasks, requiring completion in a specific order to receive reinforcement.
  • Forward chaining segments tasks into manageable components, while backward chaining begins with the final task and works back.

Choice Behaviors and Concurrent Schedules

  • Concurrent schedules of reinforcement present multiple response alternatives, necessitating decisions.
  • Measuring distribution of choice behaviors can be performed through simple calculations to assess reinforcement rates across alternatives.### Reinforcement Schedules and Choice Behavior
  • Different activities yield varied reinforcers depending on reinforcement schedules, influencing choices between immediate small rewards (e.g., $7.25/hour) and larger delayed rewards (e.g., $750/month).
  • Concurrent schedules allow measurement of choice behavior, enabling organisms to switch between response alternatives freely.
  • Slot machines exemplify varying reinforcement schedules, allowing gamblers to change choices.

Measures of Choice Behavior

  • Rate of responding is analyzed through the distribution of behavior between response alternatives.
  • Relative rate of responding for each alternative is calculated (B(L) / [B(L) + B(R)]).
  • Relative rate of reinforcement can also be evaluated (r(L) / [r(L) + r(R)]), indicating differential reinforcement efficacy on various levers.

Matching Law

  • Defined as the relative response rate on each option matching the relative reinforcement rate.
  • Real-life examples include shooting distances in basketball, where shot success aligns with reward points and frequency of attempts correlates with success rates.

Stimulus Control

  • Stimulus control occurs when variations in stimuli result in different response patterns, indicating behavior is influenced by specific stimuli.
  • Different organisms may exhibit variability in how stimuli control their behavior.

Discrimination vs. Generalization

  • Discrimination: Differential responding to distinct stimuli (e.g., teaching children to cross streets depending on traffic lights).
  • Generalization: Similar responses to similar stimuli (e.g., similar sounds triggering an Pavlovian response).
  • In both classical and operant conditioning, the degree of similarity among stimuli impacts response strength.

Stimulus Generalization Gradients

  • Generated by testing responses to stimuli resembling a trained stimulus, with response strength decreasing as stimuli deviate from the original.
  • A steep gradient indicates strong discrimination, while a flat gradient suggests greater generalization.

Clinical Implications of Generalization

  • Successful behavioral therapy requires generalization of responses beyond clinical settings.
  • Methodologies include environmental modification and using multiple examples to facilitate generalization.

Factors Influencing Stimulus Control

  • Sensory capacity affects how organisms respond to stimuli (e.g., chickens perceive colors differently than rats).
  • Conditioning ease and overshadowing may impact learning when multiple stimuli are present simultaneously.

Discrimination Training

  • Focuses on teaching organisms to respond differently to various stimuli, enhancing the ability to detect and react distinctly.
  • Contextual cues play a significant role in how organisms learn and perform in specific environments.

Learning Procedures in Lab Contexts

  • Classical conditioning, conditioned place preference, and trial types (maze and free operant learning) are evaluated in lab settings.
  • Terminology such as CS, US, CR, UR is utilized for clear communication of findings.

Examples of Reinforcement Types

  • Negative reinforcement involves removing an unfavorable condition to strengthen a behavior.
  • Positive reinforcement introduces a favorable stimulus to enhance behavior occurrence.

General Behavioral Patterns

  • Post-reinforcement pause is noted after reinforcement, indicating a behavioral slowdown following reward.
  • Behavior under variable ratio schedules typically results in higher response rates compared to fixed interval schedules.

Analysis of Learning Data

  • Comprehending puppet behaviors like jumping and leveraging data tables is essential for determining learning effectiveness.
  • Proper identification and application of conditioning terminologies facilitate clear understanding of experimental outcomes.

Contextual Applications of Concepts

  • Practical applications of discriminative stimuli in daily life, such as interactions with individuals or responding to specific cues illustrate fundamental behavioral principles.
  • Overshadowing and differential stimulus control exemplify how competing stimuli can influence learning progress and response selection.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards focusing on key concepts from PSYC303, including the crucial differences between classical and operant conditioning. Ideal for those looking to reinforce their understanding of these foundational behavioral theories in psychology.

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