Questions and Answers
What is the behavioral pattern shown by the individual who has done nothing after quickly finishing the first paper?
Post-reinforcement pause
While in Dr.F's class you know that you will get a break every 50 min. This is an example of _____ schedule, and Dr.G's class with unknown breaks is an example of ____ schedule.
FI; VI
When different schedules of reinforcement are compared, what does produce more _____ than interval schedules?
Ratio schedules; responses
Lorely's pigeon pecks a key for food. If its behavior is reinforced using a _________ schedule of reinforcement, what can be assumed?
Signup and view all the answers
If the rate of reinforcement for machine A is ______ and for machine B is ______, based on fixed interval schedules, what are the rates?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the matching law, how will Anna's rate of responding for machine A compare to machine B?
Signup and view all the answers
What does it demonstrate when one pigeon responds more to a white triangle and another to a red circle after exposure to both?
Signup and view all the answers
What is being taught when a child learns to talk with familiar individuals but not strangers?
Signup and view all the answers
What phenomenon occurs when the presence of one stimulus hinders learning about another?
Signup and view all the answers
In the pigeon experiment, it was found that pigeons pressed the lever in the presence of the _______ but not the _______.
Signup and view all the answers
What can be concluded about Akira's behavior in relation to hand claps?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the stimulus-element approach assume?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be concluded about Maria's rat's performance after six trials in the maze?
Signup and view all the answers
What are chained schedules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an efficient way to endure a long-chained schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the backward chaining method?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the matching law?
Signup and view all the answers
In which situation is there an example of stimulus discrimination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is stimulus generalization?
Signup and view all the answers
How can stimulus generalization facilitate therapeutic outcomes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor does NOT determine the degree of stimulus control?
Signup and view all the answers
What is belongingness in the context of behavior and reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
In the Conditioned Place Preference paradigm, a rat is predicted to spend ______ time in the food-associated compartment after conditioning.
Signup and view all the answers
What reinforces a salesman's behavior when knocking on doors?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of schedule is a VR schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the differences between classical conditioning and instrumental (operant) conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
Who are the important theoreticians in early and modern approaches to the study of instrumental conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the theoretical and practical components of discrete trial procedures?
Signup and view all the answers
What are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
How can omission training/DRO be utilized as treatment for self-injurious behaviors?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the effects of the instrumental response on the efficacy of instrumental conditioning procedures?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the effects of the instrumental reinforcer on the efficacy of instrumental conditioning procedures?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the effects of the response-reinforcer relationship on the efficacy of instrumental conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the triadic design used to investigate the learned helplessness effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the differences between continuous schedules and intermittent schedules of reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which schedules of intermittent reinforcement were covered in class?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Fixed Interval (FI) reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Variable Interval (VI) reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
How can we test and record the effect of different schedules of intermittent reinforcement in the lab?
Signup and view all the answers
What are chained schedules?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning vs. Instrumental Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves predictive adjustments to uncontrollable environmental events.
- Instrumental (operant) conditioning relies on behaviors resulting in consequences, fostering goal-directed actions.
- Behaviors in instrumental conditioning actively influence the environment, contrasting the reactive nature of classical conditioning.
Theoreticians in Instrumental Conditioning
- E.L. Thorndike pioneered instrumental conditioning with puzzle boxes, revealing S-R associations.
- He proposed the Law of Effect: satisfying outcomes strengthen, while unsatisfying outcomes weaken the S-R association.
- B.F. Skinner introduced free-operant methods, highlighting continuous behavior rather than discrete trial limitations.
Discrete Trial Procedures vs. Free-Operant Procedures
- Discrete trial procedures involve a structured start and end, suited for specific tasks (e.g., mazes).
- Free-operant methods focus on continuous behavior execution to achieve objectives, emphasizing response shaping through successive approximations.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Positive reinforcement increases response rates (e.g., praise following desired behavior).
- Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, also increasing behavior frequency.
- Positive punishment introduces an aversive stimulus to reduce behavior (e.g., a parking ticket).
- Negative punishment removes a positive stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., time-out).
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors (DRO)
- DRO combines negative punishment and positive reinforcement to shift focus from self-injurious behaviors to more desirable behaviors.
- Prefers to use negative punishment over positive punishment for treatment purposes.
Effects of Instrumental Response
- Responses may show variability or repetitive patterns (stereotypy) based on reinforcement framing.
- Relevance or belongingness connects responses to reinforcers based on evolutionary history, impacting instinctive responses.
Instrumental Reinforcer Efficacy
- The quality and quantity of reinforcers affect performance; larger reinforcers lead to more effort in tasks.
- Negative behavioral contrast occurs when a shift from a more to a less favorable reinforcement diminishes performance.
Response-Reinforcer Relationship
- Response-reinforcer contingency and temporal contiguity are critical; immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed.
- Lack of perceived control can hinder learning, leading to learned helplessness in both animals and humans.
Learned Helplessness Effect
- Exposure to uncontrollable outcomes disrupts later escape-avoidance learning, exemplifying learned helplessness.
- Findings connect learned helplessness to various human mental health issues, illuminating the impacts of perceived lack of control.
Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcement
- Continuous reinforcement provides a reward every time a behavior occurs; effective for shaping new behaviors.
- Intermittent reinforcement offers rewards at variable rates, leading to more persistent behavior.
Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement
- Ratio schedules depend on the number of responses, while interval schedules depend on time.
- Fixed schedules provide consistent criteria, whereas variable schedules rely on unpredictable criteria, impacting response patterns.
Chain Schedules
- Chain schedules consist of multiple linked tasks, requiring completion in a specific order to receive reinforcement.
- Forward chaining segments tasks into manageable components, while backward chaining begins with the final task and works back.
Choice Behaviors and Concurrent Schedules
- Concurrent schedules of reinforcement present multiple response alternatives, necessitating decisions.
- Measuring distribution of choice behaviors can be performed through simple calculations to assess reinforcement rates across alternatives.### Reinforcement Schedules and Choice Behavior
- Different activities yield varied reinforcers depending on reinforcement schedules, influencing choices between immediate small rewards (e.g., $7.25/hour) and larger delayed rewards (e.g., $750/month).
- Concurrent schedules allow measurement of choice behavior, enabling organisms to switch between response alternatives freely.
- Slot machines exemplify varying reinforcement schedules, allowing gamblers to change choices.
Measures of Choice Behavior
- Rate of responding is analyzed through the distribution of behavior between response alternatives.
- Relative rate of responding for each alternative is calculated (B(L) / [B(L) + B(R)]).
- Relative rate of reinforcement can also be evaluated (r(L) / [r(L) + r(R)]), indicating differential reinforcement efficacy on various levers.
Matching Law
- Defined as the relative response rate on each option matching the relative reinforcement rate.
- Real-life examples include shooting distances in basketball, where shot success aligns with reward points and frequency of attempts correlates with success rates.
Stimulus Control
- Stimulus control occurs when variations in stimuli result in different response patterns, indicating behavior is influenced by specific stimuli.
- Different organisms may exhibit variability in how stimuli control their behavior.
Discrimination vs. Generalization
- Discrimination: Differential responding to distinct stimuli (e.g., teaching children to cross streets depending on traffic lights).
- Generalization: Similar responses to similar stimuli (e.g., similar sounds triggering an Pavlovian response).
- In both classical and operant conditioning, the degree of similarity among stimuli impacts response strength.
Stimulus Generalization Gradients
- Generated by testing responses to stimuli resembling a trained stimulus, with response strength decreasing as stimuli deviate from the original.
- A steep gradient indicates strong discrimination, while a flat gradient suggests greater generalization.
Clinical Implications of Generalization
- Successful behavioral therapy requires generalization of responses beyond clinical settings.
- Methodologies include environmental modification and using multiple examples to facilitate generalization.
Factors Influencing Stimulus Control
- Sensory capacity affects how organisms respond to stimuli (e.g., chickens perceive colors differently than rats).
- Conditioning ease and overshadowing may impact learning when multiple stimuli are present simultaneously.
Discrimination Training
- Focuses on teaching organisms to respond differently to various stimuli, enhancing the ability to detect and react distinctly.
- Contextual cues play a significant role in how organisms learn and perform in specific environments.
Learning Procedures in Lab Contexts
- Classical conditioning, conditioned place preference, and trial types (maze and free operant learning) are evaluated in lab settings.
- Terminology such as CS, US, CR, UR is utilized for clear communication of findings.
Examples of Reinforcement Types
- Negative reinforcement involves removing an unfavorable condition to strengthen a behavior.
- Positive reinforcement introduces a favorable stimulus to enhance behavior occurrence.
General Behavioral Patterns
- Post-reinforcement pause is noted after reinforcement, indicating a behavioral slowdown following reward.
- Behavior under variable ratio schedules typically results in higher response rates compared to fixed interval schedules.
Analysis of Learning Data
- Comprehending puppet behaviors like jumping and leveraging data tables is essential for determining learning effectiveness.
- Proper identification and application of conditioning terminologies facilitate clear understanding of experimental outcomes.
Contextual Applications of Concepts
- Practical applications of discriminative stimuli in daily life, such as interactions with individuals or responding to specific cues illustrate fundamental behavioral principles.
- Overshadowing and differential stimulus control exemplify how competing stimuli can influence learning progress and response selection.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards focusing on key concepts from PSYC303, including the crucial differences between classical and operant conditioning. Ideal for those looking to reinforce their understanding of these foundational behavioral theories in psychology.
