Psychology MOD 7: Parenting Styles and Personality Types

Social Influence

• Social influence refers to the changes in beliefs, attitudes, and/or behavior of persons as a result of the action/s of another person.
• Types of social influence:
  • Compliance: a person seems to agree but does not necessarily believe or agree to it.
  • Identification: a person is influenced by someone they like or look up to, like a movie star or celebrity.
  • Internalization: a person owns a certain belief or act and is willing to make it known publicly or privately.
  • Conformity: a change of behavior, belief, or thinking to be like others or to feel like they belong to a group (most common form of social influence).
  • Conversion: an individual whole-heartedly changes their original thinking to align with those of the other members of the group.
  • Minority influence: a bigger member of people is influenced by a much smaller number of people, and the minority's way of looking at and doing things are accepted.
  • Reactance: a willing rejection of a social influence being exerted on an individual or group (also known as anti- or non-conformity).
  • Obedience: a person follows what someone tells them to do, although it may not reflect the person's set of beliefs, stemming from fear or respect.
  • Persuasion: used by another person or group to influence another to change their beliefs.

Theories of Leadership

• Trait Theory: defines leadership based on certain personality traits that are generally suited for all leaders, such as decisiveness, persistence, high level of self-confidence, and assertiveness.

Family Types

• Gay or Lesbian Family: a family where one or both parents' sexual orientation is gay or lesbian.
• Co-custody Family: an arrangement where separated parents both have legal responsibility.
• Immigrant Family: a family where parents have immigrated to another country as adults.
• Migrant Family: a family that moves regularly to places where they have employment.
• Transnational Family: a family that lives in more than one country.

Parenting Styles

• Authoritative Parents:
  • Warm but firm
  • Encourage adolescents to be independent while maintaining limits
  • Engage in discussions and debates with their adolescent
  • Children learn to engage and negotiate
• Authoritarian Parents:
  • Little warmth and highly controlling
  • Strict disciplinarians, restrictive, punitive styles
  • Children become rebellious or dependent
• Permissive Parents:
  • Very warm but undemanding
  • Passive, the way to show love is to give in to their adolescent's wishes
  • Teens make decisions without parental input
  • Teens may have difficulty in self-control and demonstrate egocentric tendencies
• Uninvolved Parents:
  • Not warm and no demands
  • No interaction and sometimes neglectful
  • Indifferent to their child's needs, whereabouts, or experiences
  • Teens may show similar patterns of permissive parents and impulsive behaviors

Holland's Personality Type Theory

• Realistic Type:
  • People who like mechanical and outdoor activities
  • Prefer working with their hands rather than people
  • Example: carpentry and auto mechanic
• Investigative Type:
  • People who like to watch and learn about the world around them
  • Generally quiet
  • Example: scientist
• Artistic Type:
  • Likes to think up new ideas
  • Creative, artistic, imaginative
  • Example: musicians and interior designers
• Social Type:
  • Likes to be with other people
  • Talkative, friendly, and interested in helping or teaching others
  • Example: teachers and social workers
• Enterprising Type:
  • People who like to influence, lead, and persuade other people
  • Sociable and outgoing
  • Example: salespeople, lawyers, and businessmen
• Conventional Type:
  • Likes to work with numbers
  • Good at carrying out details
  • Neat, orderly, organized, and practical
  • Example: typists, file clerks, and financial experts