Psychology Midterm 2 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the episodic buffer in working memory?

  • It maintains attention on a single task.
  • It integrates information from components and long-term memory. (correct)
  • It exclusively stores sensory information.
  • It enhances visual memory capacity.

    • What is the typical capacity limit of working memory?

  • 10 ± 3 items
  • 3 ± 1 items
  • 7 ± 2 items (correct)
  • 5 ± 2 items

    • High cognitive load can negatively affect which aspect of cognition?

  • Long-term memory retention
  • Visual attention span
  • Sensory memory duration
  • Working memory capacity (correct)

    • Individuals with ADHD often experience which type of cognitive deficit?

    <p>Decreased working memory capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key finding from the Whipple (1914) study on span of apprehension?

    <p>Participants could recall up to 4-5 letters perfectly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method assesses memory of a briefly presented array and allows for cued recall?

    <p>Partial report paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the partial report method, what determines which row is recalled?

    <p>The tone of an auditory cue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is likely to experience working memory deficits as noted in the content?

    <p>Individuals with dyslexia or brain injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of accessing stored information from long-term memory called?

    <p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amnesia results in an inability to recall past memories before the onset of the condition?

    <p>Retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anxiety typically impact explicit memory tasks?

    <p>It may negatively impact retrieval of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle suggests that individuals tend to recall positive information more easily than negative?

    <p>Positivity effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the memory structures of experts compared to novices?

    <p>More organized, efficient, and detailed knowledge structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes recognition memory?

    <p>Identifying previously learned information from options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the amygdala in memory related to emotional events?

    <p>Enhances memory encoding for emotional information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do implicit memory tasks differ from explicit memory tasks?

    <p>Implicit tasks involve unconscious retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory involves knowledge of personal experiences?

    <p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is associated with general knowledge and facts?

    <p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processing method, involving connections and meaning, leads to better memory recall?

    <p>Deep Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon explains better memory retention when information is related to oneself?

    <p>Self-reference Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle indicates that memory is better recalled when encoding and retrieval contexts match?

    <p>Encoding Specificity Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory type is specifically categorized as non-declarative memory?

    <p>Procedural Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does deeper processing result in improved recall?

    <p>It creates distinct and elaborate memory traces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do recall and recognition tasks primarily differ?

    <p>Recall requires reconstructing information without cues, while recognition identifies previously learned items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of vivid imagery in individuals with prosopagnosia suggest?

    <p>Visual imagery operates independently from facial recognition abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors distinguishes visualizers from verbalizers?

    <p>Visualizers think primarily in images, while verbalizers think in words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do distance and shape effects demonstrate regarding mental imagery?

    <p>Mental images appear larger when they are mentally positioned closer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gender differences in spatial abilities compare to other cognitive abilities?

    <p>Gender differences are relatively small across most cognitive abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is auditory imagery primarily concerned with?

    <p>The mental representation of sounds, such as songs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How vivid is auditory imagery compared to visual imagery typically?

    <p>Auditory imagery is usually less vivid, but can be strong in some individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines cognitive maps in relation to spatial layouts?

    <p>Cognitive maps represent mental layouts of spaces such as maps and directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way can imagery distract from processing physical stimuli?

    <p>Visual imagery can detract from accurate visual perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes repressed memories of abuse?

    <p>Most recovered memories are likely false due to suggestive therapies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do case analyses play in the study of memory?

    <p>They examine individual cases to understand memory processes more deeply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the self-reference effect in memory encoding suggest?

    <p>Information related to oneself is encoded more deeply than other types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the generation effect, how is memory recall affected?

    <p>Generated items result in better recall than simply reading them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a schema in the context of memory?

    <p>A pattern of thought that organizes knowledge based on past experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does expertise influence memory encoding?

    <p>Expertise can enhance memory for information related to one's field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the retention interval refer to?

    <p>The period between encoding and retrieval of a memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the spacing effect influence memory retention?

    <p>Spaced study leads to better memory than massed study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory posits that two types of codes are used to retain memories?

    <p>Dual code theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about non-schematic information is true?

    <p>Individuals can sometimes recall non-schematic details like the location of text on a page.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the basis of propositions in the context of imagery?

    <p>They provide essential meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests the existence of both verbal and pictorial codes for representing information?

    <p>Dual Code Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a limitation of early studies of imagery conducted by Galton?

    <p>They were based on subjective introspection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of time to answer imagery questions, which scenario demonstrates a faster reaction time?

    <p>Imagining a cat having a head versus thinking about a cat having a head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the image scanning evidence, what occurs when scanning between objects that are farther apart?

    <p>It takes longer to scan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect differentiates depictive representations from propositional representations?

    <p>Depictive representations resemble what they stand for.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the view of imagery according to Pylyshyn?

    <p>All information is stored as propositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding time to zoom is correct in the context of imagining a rabbit?

    <p>It takes longer if the rabbit is next to an elephant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Midterm 2 Study Guide

    • Exam date: 11/12/24
    • Exam time: 3:30 PM to 4:45 PM
    • Exam location: IV Theater 1
    • Exam format: 35 multiple-choice questions, approximately 1/3 from the book, 2/3 from book and lectures
    • Chapters covered: 4-7

    Attention and Consciousness (Continued)

    • Topics: meta-awareness, mind-wandering, alcohol, mindfulness, and mind-wandering
    • Model of meta-awareness and its relationship to consciousness
    • Components of meta-awareness
    • Characteristics of meta-awareness

    Sensory and Working Memory

    • Defining and contrasting short-term and long-term memory
      • Short-term memory (STM):
        • Briefly holds a small amount of recent information
        • Limited to about 7 "chunks" of information
        • Easily forgotten if not processed further
      • Long-term memory (LTM):
        • Stores vast amounts of information for a lifetime
        • Retains experiences and knowledge indefinitely
    • Limits of short-term memory
      • Brown/Peterson & Peterson technique: measured how quickly information is lost from STM through memorization tasks followed by a distracting task
      • Findings: Memory is fragile when stored only a few seconds; interference from previous items reduces recall accuracy
    • Serial position effect
      • Recency Effect: better recall for items at the end of a list (likely still in STM)
      • Primacy Effect: better recall for items at the beginning of a list (likely due to rehearsal)
    • Used to measure STM capacity (3-7 items)

    Sensory Memory

    • Function: acts as an initial stage that briefly holds sensory information from the environment (visual, auditory, etc.)
    • Duration: very brief, typically lasting a fraction of a second
    • Characteristics:
      • Allows for quick transfer to short-term memory if attention is given
      • Enables brief retention of sensory information before it fades

    Long-Term Memory

    • Function: stores information for extended periods potentially a lifetime
    • Capacity: believed to be unlimited
    • Characteristics of LTM: Information is stored based on meaning and organized for retrieval; items are relatively permanent, especially if they are frequently retrieved or highly meaningful

    Control Processes

    • Definition: Techniques used to manage the flow of information between memory stages.
    • Examples: rehearsal, encoding, retrieval, attention

    Working Memory Approach

    • Definition: a cognitive system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for complex tasks, such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.
    • Characteristics:
      • Active system storing, updating, and working with information over short periods
    • Role in tasks: problem-solving, decision-making, and language comprehension

    Phonological Loop

    • Processes and stores verbal/auditory information
    • Includes: phonological store (briefly stores sounds) and articulatory rehearsal system (repeats information)
    • Research: Word length effect; phonological similarity effect (illustrates how the loop's role in verbal processing)

    Visuospatial Sketchpad

    • Processes visual and spatial information
    • Research:Dual-task studies support its independence from the phonological loop (supports the concept that they are separate)

    Central Executive

    • Controls attention, task-switching, and integrates information from other components.
    • Research: Damage to the frontal lobes affects multitasking and cognitive flexibility (supports idea of it playing a key role in cognitive control)

    Episodic Buffer

    • Integrates information from other components and long-term memory into coherent episodes
    • Helps form meaningful chunks of information

    Capacity Limitations

    • Holds a limited amount of information (7 ± 2 items or chunks)

    Individual Differences

    • Some people have larger working memory capacities, which helps them complete complex tasks

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    Related Documents

    F24 Midterm 2 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Midterm 2 exam on Attention and Consciousness, along with Sensory and Working Memory. This guide covers chapters 4-7, highlighting key concepts like meta-awareness, short-term, and long-term memory. Make sure to review the content from both the book and lecture notes for a comprehensive understanding.

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