Psychology Memory Systems Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of memory is primarily affected by damage to the hippocampus?

Episodic memory (correct)

Semantic memory

Procedural memory

Working memory

What evidence suggests that episodic and semantic memory are different systems?

Patients with amnesia completely lose both episodic and semantic memory.

Semantic memory is unaffected by hippocampal damage.

Patients with semantic dementia have intact episodic memory. (correct)

Episodic memory and procedural memory are equally affected by frontal lobe damage.

According to Clark & Maguire (2016), what does hippocampal amnesia primarily affect?

Retrieval of old semantic memories

Acquisition of new semantic memories (correct)

Both acquisition and retrieval of semantic memories equally

None of the above

Which area of the brain is primarily implicated in semantic dementia?

Anterior temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for individuals with episodic memory loss due to amnesia?

Intact working memory capabilities Signup and view all the answers

According to the Levels of Processing Hypothesis, which type of processing has the least effect on long-term memory retention?

Visual processing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of memory is primarily associated with the meaning of information?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as having a significant impact on long-term memory in the Levels of Processing Theory?

Semantic processing of meanings Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Craik & Lockhart's hypothesis, how are phonological and visual processing different?

Visual processing focuses on structure while phonological processing is centered around sound Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the impact of processing types on memory retention?

Semantic meaning has a greater effect on memory retention than structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the procedure described for organizing tasks?

Arrange things into different groups Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the title 'Washing clothes' on recall performance?

Participants recalled more ideas Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Sulin and Dooling, what was the effect of prior knowledge on memory recall about dictator-related sentences after a week?

Participants had an increased likelihood of incorrect recall Signup and view all the answers

How does ascribing meaning to stimuli influence memory according to the given content?

It affects encoding and storage positively Signup and view all the answers

What was the recall rate of participants who were not supplied with a title before reading a passage?

2.8 ideas Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of trying to do too many things at once?

May cause complications Signup and view all the answers

What effect does schema have on memory recall according to the studies mentioned?

Schemas affect recall primarily after long intervals Signup and view all the answers

In the activities described, what was the participants' task after reading a list of words?

List all the words they remembered Signup and view all the answers

What factor is considered more important for effective recall according to the content?

Attention to the material and its meaningful organization Signup and view all the answers

Which group experienced the worst recall based on the results mentioned?

Fourth group Signup and view all the answers

What role does intention play in memory encoding according to the findings?

It minimally affects memory processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor that aids in encoding?

Listening passively to information Signup and view all the answers

Which principle suggests that organization enhances memory retrieval?

Level of Processing Theory (LOP) Signup and view all the answers

Which rehearsal method is more effective for long-term memory retention?

Elaborative rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of deeper processing of information?

It leads to richer and more elaborate encoding. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bower et al. (1969), how does organization affect recall?

Organized words lead to better recall than scrambled ones. Signup and view all the answers

What principle describes chunking information together for better recall?

Subjective organization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of chunking by semantic category?

Names of cities in one region Signup and view all the answers

What enhances memory retention through linking to other material?

Elaborative rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

In Mandler's 1967 study, which group demonstrated higher recall?

Group sorting cards by meaning with a future test in mind Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors do not influence chunking?

The randomness of word presentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind transfer-appropriate processing (TAP)?

Memory retrieval is best when the cues available at testing are similar to those available at encoding. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the levels of processing (LOP) theory presents significant challenges in research?

It is difficult to define and measure levels of processing. Signup and view all the answers

In the study conducted by Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977), which type of judgment led to better performance on the rhyming recognition test?

Phonological judgments about words. Signup and view all the answers

How do deeper processing levels affect memory retention according to LOP?

Deeper processing may not necessarily lead to better memory retention. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of the study conducted by Köhler et al. regarding memory testing?

Memory is better if the format is the same at encoding as at testing. Signup and view all the answers

What does LOP theory suggest about recognition and recall?

Both processes are equally affected by encoding depth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how levels of processing are executed according to the content provided?

Features are processed simultaneously without a given order. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the standard recognition test in relation to LOP theory as indicated in the studies?

The results aligned with LOP theory indicating consistency in memory retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition: Week 2

Last week's learning:
- Spaced/distributed practice is a learning technique that involves spreading out study sessions over time.
- Testing/retrieval practice is a technique that involves actively retrieving information from memory, for example, by self-testing.
Motivation:
- The graph shows a decline in time needed to re-learn material as the number of repetitions on day 1 increases. This suggests that repeated exposure to the material leads to faster relearning.

Overview

Episodic vs Semantic Memory:
- Episodic memory relates to specific events and experiences, while semantic memory stores general knowledge.
- Episodic memory utilizes processes such as meaning, schemas, and organization.
- Semantic memory involves facts and rules.

Episodic vs Semantic Memory

Endel Tulving's view:
- Episodic memory: Memories for specific events located at a certain point in time. Enables "mental time travel." Used for reliving past episodes and planning for the future.
- Semantic memory: Stores facts, rules, vocabulary, and world knowledge. Does not involve mental time travel.

Are these different memory systems?

Functional differences: Episodic and semantic memories utilize distinct types of information and experiences.

Neuropsychological evidence

Amnesia cases: Amnesia patients often show a considerable loss of episodic memory but less pronounced loss of semantic memory.
Hippocampal damage: Damage to this part of the brain affects episodic memory more greatly than semantic memory.

Semantic Dementia

Patients' characteristics: These patients exhibit a substantial loss in concept knowledge while retaining intact episodic memory and cognitive skills.
Brain damage location: Damage to the anterior frontal and anterior temporal lobes.

Episodic vs Semantic

Brain region specializations (in different slides of images): Areas like the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and certain temporal lobe regions are implicated in episodic memory, while other brain regions are relevant for semantic memory.

Episodic vs Semantic memory: Conclusion

Independent systems: Episodic and semantic memory systems are independent but interdependent.
Integrated memories: Many long-term memories are a blend of episodic and semantic aspects.
Interaction of systems: These systems interact dynamically and affect each other.

Meaning and Schemas

Bartlett's approach: This theory suggests that recalling complex materials like drawings and folktales involves distortion. This suggests that people tend to make the stories more consistent with their own knowledge or schemas, rather than accurately recounting the original details.
Effort after meaning: This refers to participants actively adjusting or reinterpreting the information while recalling it.
Criticised for vagueness: The instructions for these studies were potentially too vague.
Construction of Memory: The theory points to the reconstructive nature of memory; it's not a perfect record.

Schemas

Definition: Schemas are mental frameworks of how we organize knowledge and interpret the world
Function: These categories help us understand new information, retaining it and retrieving it later.
Social-cultural factors: These frameworks are influenced by social and cultural contexts and can vary between cultures.

A Typical Restaurant Script/Schema

Bower, Black, and Turner (1979): Study found that a typical restaurant experience involves a series of common steps from sitting down to leaving.

"The War of the Ghosts"

Bartlett's study: This involved participants recalling Native American folktales and found that recall was often distorted by participants' own schemas and understanding, rather than an accurate recreation of the original story.

Activity: Read story and remember it

A study activity that requires participants to read a story and try to recall it.

Other Activities

Varied activities like sorting words, reading and remembering lists, or understanding the concepts of memory.

Bransford and Johnson (1972)

Experiment with text and title: Participants recall more details and ideas when a title or context (like 'washing clothes') was given, emphasizing the importance of prior knowledge.

Role of Schemas (Sulin and Dooling, 1974)

Effects of prior knowledge: Participants who read a story about a known historical figure (e.g., Hitler) were more prone to recalling inaccurate details than when they read about an unknown person in a story. It shows how prior knowledge affects recall, particularly with longer delays.

Role of Meaning (Carmichael et al., 1932; Bower et al., 1975)

Reproducing figures: Individuals interpreting figures presented visually by giving them a context leading them to incorrectly interpret and redraw those images; illustrates semantic memory's influence on recalling and identifying visual input.

Jenkins & Russell study (1952)

Word Clustering: The experiment emphasizes how memory tends to group or recall related words together (e.g., grouping 'fruit' words together).

Meaning vs Memory & Conclusion

Importance of Meaning: Participants' ability to remember material increases when given the opportunity to connect and organize information meaningfully.

Meaning and Memory: Visual Imagery (Paivio's Dual-Coding Hypothesis)

Imagery and Memorability: Concrete nouns are easier and more memorable because they are more imageable.
Dual Coding: Memory includes visual and verbal codes, enhancing memorization through multiple channels.

Levels of Processing (LOP) (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Craik & Tulving, 1975)

LOP Theory: This theory posits that the deeper the level of processing, the more robust and long-lasting the memory.
Depth of processing: Processing information semantically leads to better recall, while superficial processing like visual encoding results in poorer memory.

Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP)

TAP principle: Retrieval of information is optimal when the encoding and retrieval conditions are alike.
TAP Example (Köhler, et al., 2000): Better memory performance is likely if you study in a format (e.g., images) similar to how you are tested (e.g., using images).

TAP Support (Morris, Bransford, and Franks, 1977)

Task effect: Memorizing words by rhyming (phonological) approach led to better recall specifically when tested based on rhyming, supporting the TAP principle.

Why is deeper coding better? (Craik & Tulving, 1975; Richer, and more elaborate encoding)

Elaborative Rehearsal: Connecting new information to existing knowledge aids long-term memory better than rote repetition.

Hierarchical organization (Bower et al., 1969)

Hierarchical Structure: Information is better remembered if categorized hierarchically and presented in a systematic manner.

Organization (Tulving, 1962)

Chunking and organization: Using meaningful groups of items to remember information and organizing information via hierarchical structures enhance memory performance. (e.g., linking words together or organizing them into categories).

Intention to learn (Mandler, 1967)

Meaningful organization: The study focuses on how organizing material meaningfully is usually more effective when attempting to recall something, regardless of intent.

Summary of factors aiding encoding

Creating connections: Linking new information to existing knowledge improves memory.
Imagery & Meaning: Using visual imagery and understanding the meaning enhance memory.
Organization: Structuring or organizing information into meaningful groups or hierarchies is crucial.
LOP/TAP: Deeper processing and similar encoding-retrieval procedures are beneficial for memorization.

This week's reading

Baddeley, Eysenck, Anderson (2020). Memory: Chapter 6 (pages 163 - 179).

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts about memory systems, focusing on episodic and semantic memory, as well as the effects of hippocampal damage and the Levels of Processing Hypothesis. Test your understanding of how different types of memory are processed and retained in the brain. Ideal for psychology students wanting to enhance their grasp of memory function.