Psychology Memory Overview
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of memory does constructive perception most directly affect?

  • The accuracy of recalled details (correct)
  • The storage capacity of memories
  • The emotional intensity of memories
  • The process of memory reconstruction

What is a significant characteristic of intrusive recall in traumatized individuals?

  • It is always voluntary and controlled
  • It can feel like re-experiencing the original event (correct)
  • It often involves emotional detachment
  • It occurs without any sensory details

During the process of memory encoding, which factor can contribute to distorted recall?

  • Social interactions with peers
  • The emotional state at the time of encoding
  • The inherent reliability of human memory
  • Perceptual errors in what was originally perceived (correct)

How does prior experience influence memory recall according to the concept of constructive memory?

<p>It impacts both the retrieval and content of memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In memory formation, what role do external suggestions play?

<p>They may be incorporated into memory and affect recall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of memory as outlined by the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

<p>Encoding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which memory store does information decay over a period of around 20 seconds?

<p>Short-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes long-term memory?

<p>An unlimited store of information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the retrieval stage of memory?

<p>Information is recovered from storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does sensory memory typically last?

<p>A few milliseconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage of memory as identified in the content?

<p>Modification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a characteristic of short-term memory?

<p>Information is associated with conscious awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about encoding is correct?

<p>It prepares information for storage in memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity limit of short-term memory as proposed by Miller?

<p>7 ± 2 items (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process helps maintain information in short-term memory by repeating it?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chunking in the context of short-term memory?

<p>Recoding new material into larger units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of procedural memory?

<p>It is reflected through performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of non-declarative memory?

<p>Episodic Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does information in working memory tend to be encoded?

<p>Acoustically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to items held in short-term memory if they are not rehearsed?

<p>They are displaced by new items. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can one improve memory encoding according to the information provided?

<p>By creating meaningful connections between items. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures serves as a temporary 'station' between short-term and long-term memory?

<p>Working memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes classical conditioning?

<p>It involves pairing a potent stimulus with a neutral one. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of iconic memory?

<p>It fades quickly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an example of procedural memory?

<p>Riding a bicycle after years of not doing so. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strategies to facilitate the transfer of information into long-term memory?

<p>Making mental images of the information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes elaborative rehearsal?

<p>It enhances the transfer of information to long-term memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory pertains to 'knowing' facts and events?

<p>Declarative Memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'magic number 7' in the context of memory?

<p>A guideline for the maximum number of items to remember in short-term memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of context on memory retrieval?

<p>It aids retrieval if the context matches that of encoding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mood-congruent memory refer to?

<p>Similarity in emotional states aiding memory retrieval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do emotions typically influence long-term memory?

<p>They enhance rehearsal of emotionally charged situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes flashbulb memories?

<p>They are vivid and detailed memories of significant events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in memory formation?

<p>It tags memories as important by activating stress hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rehearsal relate to emotionally charged situations?

<p>We are more likely to rehearse and think about emotional events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of anxiety on memory retrieval?

<p>It may cause extraneous thoughts that interfere with retrieval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the dominant emotion during encoding and retrieval?

<p>Matching emotions improve memory recall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary consequence of the removal of H.M.'s hippocampus?

<p>He lost the ability to form new explicit memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory remained intact for H.M. even after his surgery?

<p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What insight did H.M. demonstrate about his memory disorder?

<p>He humorously acknowledged his struggle to remember. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily affected in Alzheimer's disease according to neuroimaging studies?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory type is first to decline in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Episodic memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic described H.M.'s recollections of his past?

<p>He retained vivid memories of childhood vacations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In non-demented adults, which area of the brain is affected first as they age?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional trait is evident in H.M.'s behavior post-surgery?

<p>Altruism towards helping others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Encoding

The process of transforming information into a format that can be stored in memory.

Storage

The process of retaining information in memory over time.

Retrieval

The process of accessing and retrieving stored information from memory.

Sensory Memory

A memory store that holds sensory information for a very brief period of time (a few milliseconds).

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Short-Term Memory

A memory store that holds information actively for a short period of time (around 20 seconds).

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Long-Term Memory

A memory store that holds information indefinitely, with a seemingly unlimited capacity.

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Constructive Memory

The process of combining information from different memory stores and experiences to create a coherent memory.

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Emotion & Memory

The idea that memory can be influenced by emotions, particularly strong emotions.

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Procedural Memory

A type of long-term memory that allows you to remember how to do things, like ride a bike, without having to think about it consciously.

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Declarative Memory

A type of memory that you can consciously recall, like facts or events.

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Implicit Memory

A type of memory that does not require conscious effort to recall, such as skills or habits.

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Classical Conditioning

The process of learning through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus.

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Semantic Memory

A type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge about the world.

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Episodic Memory

A type of declarative memory that stores personal experiences and events.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

The process of elaborating on information to make it more meaningful and easier to remember.

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Skill Memory

A type of memory that stores how to do things based on practice and experience.

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Iconic Memory

A type of sensory memory that holds visual information for a very short time, with a large capacity but rapid decay. Think of it as a snapshot of what you see, disappearing quickly.

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Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A model of memory that proposes three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, each with distinct characteristics.

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Short-Term Memory/Working Memory

The memory system responsible for holding information actively in mind for a short period, with a limited capacity. It's like a mental workspace where we process information.

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Rehearsal

The process of repeating information to keep it active in short-term memory. It's like refreshing a mental notepad.

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Memory Span

The capacity of short-term memory, typically ranging from 5 to 9 items. It's like a mental shelf with limited space.

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Chunking

A strategy for improving short-term memory by combining individual items into larger, meaningful units. Think of it as grouping objects together on a mental shelf.

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Forgetting in Short-Term Memory

The loss of information from short-term memory. It can occur due to time or interference from new information.

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Context-Dependent Memory

The ability to recall information more easily when in the same physical or emotional state as when it was learned. This is because the context serves as a cue for retrieval.

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Mood-Congruent Memory

The tendency to remember details that align with our current mood. For example, when you are sad, you are more likely to remember sad memories.

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Flashbulb Memory

Highly vivid and detailed memories of a significant and often shocking event, like the 9/11 attacks or the assassination of JFK. These memories are often accompanied by strong emotions.

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Emotional Memory Formation

Stress hormones released during emotionally intense events activate the amygdala, which strengthens memory formation and tags these memories as important.

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Anxiety and Memory Interference

Anxiety can cause distracting thoughts, making it harder to access and recall information from memory.

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Emotion and Retrieval

Memories are more likely to be retrieved when the emotional state during retrieval matches the emotional state during encoding.

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H.M.'s Memory Disorder

The inability to form new explicit memories, while still being able to learn new skills and procedures. This condition arose from the surgical removal of the hippocampus in a patient known as H.M.

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Hippocampus

The part of the brain that plays a crucial role in forming new memories, particularly for events and facts.

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Memory Decline

A decline in the ability to form and recall memories, especially episodic memories. This is often a symptom of normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.

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Alzheimer's Disease

A neurological disorder that causes a progressive decline in cognitive functions, including memory. This often affects episodic memory first.

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Prefrontal Cortex

A region of the brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, that is often affected in the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease.

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Hippocampus in Alzheimer's

A brain area that is a primary site of damage in Alzheimer's Disease, leading to memory problems.

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Constructive Perception

The initial perception of an event can be distorted, leading to errors in both the initial and subsequent memories.

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Inference Generation

During the transfer from short-term to long-term memory, we can draw inferences about information, which are then stored alongside it.

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Post-Memory Formation

Memories can change every time we access them. This can be due to internally generated inferences or externally provided suggestions.

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Study Notes

Memory Overview

  • Memory is the ability to retain information over time
  • Memory is a complex process, not a single system
  • There are different types of memory systems
  • Memory systems differ in the type of information they store, the duration for which it is stored, and the capacity.
  • Memory has three main stages: encoding, storage, retrieval

Memory Stages

  • Encoding: The process of placing information into memory
  • Storage: The process of maintaining information in memory
  • Retrieval: The process of recovering information from memory

Memory Stores

  • Sensory memory: Records sensory information for a few milliseconds, allowing us to perceive the world as continuous.
  • Short-term memory (STM) / Working memory: Information you're currently conscious of, stored for around 20 seconds. Capacity is limited ~7 ± 2 items (Miller, 1956). Rehearsal helps maintain items
  • Long-term memory (LTM): Stores information for extended periods (minutes to a lifetime) with a virtually unlimited capacity.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Explicit (Declarative) Memory: Consciously recalled memories
    • Episodic Memory: Memory of personal experiences.
    • Semantic Memory: General knowledge about the world.
  • Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory: Unconsciously recalled memories
    • Procedural Memory: Memory for skills and habits, like riding a bike.
    • Classical Conditioning: Learning through associating one stimulus with another, e.g., Pavlov's dogs.

Encoding Strategies

  • Chunking: Grouping information into larger, meaningful units to improve storage capacity in working memory
  • Adding meaningful connections: Creating links between new items and existing knowledge
  • Elaboration: Adding detail to information to improve encoding

Forgetting

  • Retrieval failure: Information is stored but cannot be accessed.
  • Interference: New information disrupts retrieval of old information (retroactive or proactive).
  • Consolidation failure

Role of the Hippocampus

  • The hippocampus plays a crucial role in forming new long-term memories.
  • Damage to the hippocampus can lead to severe memory problems.
  • Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events preceding an injury or illness.
  • Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new long-term memories.

Memory and Aging

  • Episodic memory is particularly sensitive to the effects of age.
  • Neuroimaging studies show specific brain damage patterns associated with Alzheimer's and normal aging.

Improving Retrieval

  • Organization: Organizing information at the encoding stage helps retrieval.
  • Context: Memories are often tied to the context in which they were learned; similar contexts at retrieval aid retrieval.
  • Mood: Mood-congruent memory refers to the tendency to selectively recall details consistent with one's current mood.

Constructive Memory

  • Memories are not perfect recordings, but rather reconstructions based on cues and inferences.
  • Prior experiences and information can influence these reconstructions.
  • The misinformation effect demonstrates how misleading information can alter memories.

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Related Documents

Memory: Course of Experimental Psychology - PDF

Description

Explore the essential concepts of memory, including its types, stages, and storage systems. This quiz covers encoding, storage, and retrieval processes, along with the differences between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Test your understanding of how memory functions and its complexities.

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