Psychology Major Subfields Overview
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What was the main purpose of the experiment conducted with participants discussing personal problems?

  • To measure stress levels among participants
  • To assess communication skills in groups
  • To test helping behavior in emergencies (correct)
  • To study group dynamics in discussions

    • What was the independent variable in the experiment?

  • The time taken to help
  • The emergency simulated by the confederate
  • The type of discussion among participants
  • The number of bystanders present (correct)

    • Which factor influenced the time it took for participants to start helping the confederate?

  • The personal history of participants
  • The clarity of the seizure symptoms
  • The level of engagement in discussions
  • The size of the group they were in (correct)

    • What role did the confederate play in the study?

    <p>An actor simulating a medical emergency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed when no one helped the confederate during the experiment?

    <p>The experiment ended after six minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is inherent in descriptive and correlational research?

    <p>Cannot determine causality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage is associated with archival research?

    <p>Ease of data collection as data already exist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is a major shortcoming of naturalistic observation?

    <p>Cannot control the natural habitat being observed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following research methods provides insight into already existing situations?

    <p>Descriptive and correlational research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method would likely be least effective at determining causality?

    <p>Descriptive and correlational research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes naturalistic observation from other methods?

    <p>Lack of manipulation of the situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of research is data availability the most critical limitation?

    <p>Archival research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of descriptive and correlational research?

    <p>Offers insight into relationships between variables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of using a small sample in survey research?

    <p>It may not accurately represent the larger population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethnographic research typically focus on?

    <p>Understanding behavior within cultural contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method offers a thorough understanding of an individual or small group's characteristics?

    <p>Case study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common criticism of survey research using small samples?

    <p>Participants may not provide accurate responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research involves extended examination of a culture or group?

    <p>Ethnographic research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concern about generalizing results from a case study?

    <p>Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using survey research?

    <p>It can assess attitudes and behaviors of a larger population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might researchers struggle with when conducting ethnographic research?

    <p>Misinterpreting behavior due to unfamiliarity with the culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What field of psychology examines the processes of sensation, perception, learning, and thinking?

    <p>Experimental Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the core idea of Gestalt Psychology emphasize?

    <p>The whole is different from the sum of its parts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which founder is associated with Structuralism in psychology?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychology subfield focuses on the consistency of people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors across their lifespan?

    <p>Personality Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the founders of Gestalt Psychology?

    <p>Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between free will and determinism in psychology?

    <p>Free will focuses on individual choice while determinism focuses on external factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the introspection method used in Structuralism?

    <p>It involves subjective reporting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of psychology was inspired by the ideas presented in the content?

    <p>School Psychology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of psychology is primarily concerned with the relationship between psychological factors and physical health?

    <p>Health Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is NOT associated with the behavioral perspective in psychology?

    <p>Hermann Ebbinghaus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Functionalism primarily focus on?

    <p>The adaptation of behavior to the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychoanalytical approach investigates the influence of social interactions on thoughts and behaviors?

    <p>Social Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did emotions like fear function in the context of adaptation?

    <p>They act as tools for emergency responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes cognitive psychology in the study of behavior?

    <p>Understanding behavior through information processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of psychology explores similarities and differences in mental processes across cultures?

    <p>Cross-Cultural Psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle underlies the notion of universal principles in behavior?

    <p>Certain behaviors are common among all humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting experiments in research?

    <p>To determine cause-and-effect relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for an experiment to be considered valid?

    <p>Random assignment of participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Latané and Darley's research, what does a 'significant outcome' indicate?

    <p>That the results are statistically meaningful. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the diffusion of responsibility theory, what hypothesis did Latané and Darley test?

    <p>An increase in bystanders decreases helping behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variables are crucial for conducting a valid experiment?

    <p>Independent and dependent variables. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the challenges faced by Latané and Darley in their research?

    <p>Determining if results were statistically significant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is random assignment critical in experiments?

    <p>It minimizes bias in selecting subjects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential limitation of the theory of diffusion of responsibility?

    <p>It may not account for personal relationships among bystanders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychology, Major Subfields

    • Psychology is the scientific study of thoughts, feelings, and behavior, encompassing emotions, perceptions, memories, and biological processes.

    Biological Foundations of Behavior

    • Behavioral Neuroscience: Explores the biological underpinnings of behavior.

    Sensation, Perception, Learning, and Thinking

    • Experimental Psychology: Investigates the processes of sensation, perception, learning, and thought.
    • Cognitive Psychology: This subfield focuses on thinking, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, judgment, decision-making, and language.

    Developmental Psychology

    • Examines how people grow and change throughout life, from conception to death.

    Personality Psychology

    • Studies the consistency in thoughts, feelings, and behavior across a person's lifetime.

    Psychological Factors and Health

    • Health Psychology: Explores the relationship between psychological factors, physical health, and disease.
    • Clinical Psychology: Focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.
    • Counseling Psychology: Addresses educational, social, and career adjustment problems.

    Social Influences

    • Social Psychology: Examines how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by social interactions and influences from others.
    • Cross-Cultural Psychology: Studies similarities and differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors across various cultures and ethnic groups.

    Roots of Psychology: Structuralism

    • Structuralism: Focused on the fundamental structures of consciousness, using introspection (self-reporting) to understand experiences.
    • Limitations: Introspection lacked reliability and objectivity.

    Roots of Psychology: Functionalism

    • Functionalism: Emphasized the adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes, and how behavior helps organisms adapt to their environment.
    • Focus: Role of behavior in survival and adaptation.
    • Applications: Inspired school psychology.

    Roots of Psychology: Gestalt Psychology

    • Gestalt Psychology: Explores how individuals organize pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
    • Core Idea: "The whole is different from the sum of its parts."
    • Contributions: Understanding human perception.

    Research Methods: Research Methodologies

    • Descriptive and Correlational Research: Researchers observe and describe relationships between variables without manipulating them.
    • Archival Research: Explores existing data.
    • Naturalistic Observation: Describes behavior in natural settings.
    • Survey Research: Gathers data from a sample to understand a larger population.
    • Ethnographic Research: Examines cultures or groups.
    • Case Study Method: Investigates a small group or individual.

    Experimental Research: Latané and Darley

    • Experimental research: Manipulates one or more variables to observe their effects on other variables .
    • Diffusion of responsibility: The presence of others in an emergency can decrease individual's likelihood of helping.

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    Description

    This quiz covers major subfields of psychology, including behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and developmental psychology. Explore how these areas investigate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, as well as their biological foundations and health implications.

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