Psychology Lecture 11: Understanding Attitudes
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Questions and Answers

What is an attitude?

An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event.

According to the ABC model of attitudes, what are the three components of an attitude?

  • Aversion, Belief, Concern
  • Agreeable, Believable, Cogent
  • Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive (correct)

    • Strong attitudes tend to be resistant to change, stable over time, and influential on both cognition and action.

    True

    Which attitude function helps us make sense of the world?

    <p>Object-Appraisal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Implicit attitudes are conscious, while explicit attitudes are automatic and tend to leak out in behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a self-report measure used for attitude assessment?

    <p>Implicit Association Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model emphasizes that judgments and behavior are influenced by automatic (implicit) attitudes when motivation and opportunity to think deliberately are low?

    <p>MODE Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three necessary conditions for a persuasive communication to influence behavior?

    <p>The three necessary conditions for a persuasive communication to influence behavior are attention, comprehension, and acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of 'motivated inference.'

    <p>Motivated inference occurs when individuals generate and evaluate causal explanations that favor their own attributes and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between affect and emotion?

    <p>Affective is a general sense of subjective positive or negative feeling. Emotion is a state of affect that is triggered by a particular object and accompanied by physiological changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feelings can be completely divorced from cognition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the study that showed that people develop a preference for things simply from being exposed to them?

    <p>Mere Exposure Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mood does not require cognition and usually lasts longer than emotion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the effect that suggests people who are in a positive mood are less likely to engage in effortful processing?

    <p>Positive mood is related to less effortful processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dunning-Kruger Effect refers to the tendency for high-ability individuals to overestimate their own abilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which individuals form a unified and coherent impression of another person?

    <p>Impression formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gestalt perspective on impression formation suggests that we process information about a person's traits holistically, considering all traits simultaneously.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the Primacy Effect in impression formation.

    <p>The primacy effect means that the first traits learned about a person have a greater influence on the overall impression than later learned traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of "Warmth and Competence" proposes that our evaluations of individuals can be boiled down to our perceptions of their warmth and competence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between impressions formed online and those formed from existing knowledge in memory?

    <p>When forming a spontaneous impression online, we tend to weigh the first information more heavily. When forming an impression based on memory, we rely on existing knowledge and consider all information holistically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Entitativity?

    <p>Entitativity refers to the degree to which a social group is perceived as a unified and coherent entity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of 'spontaneous trait inferences?'

    <p>Spontaneous trait inferences occur when we infer personality traits based on observed behaviors, even without a conscious effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these steps is NOT part of Gilbert's Three-Stage Model of Impression Formation?

    <p>Interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an attribution?

    <p>An attribution is a causal explanation for people's actions and mental states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fundamental Attribution Error refers to the tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone's behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the three components of Kelley's Covariation Model.

    <p>The three components of Kelley's Covariation Model are distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major models of social thinking?

    <p>The major models of social thinking are: consistency seeker, naive scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "Shooter Bias" study found that participants were quicker to shoot an unarmed black person than an unarmed white person.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social identity theory?

    <p>Social identity theory states that people seek a positive social identity to maintain their self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Minimal Group Paradigm?

    <p>The Minimal Group Paradigm demonstrates that even minimal, arbitrary group distinctions can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group negativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Realistic Conflict Theory suggests that intergroup hostility arises from competition over resources.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two dimensions of stereotype content?

    <p>The two dimensions of stereotype content are warmth and competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between dehumanization and infrahumanization?

    <p>Dehumanization is perceiving someone or a group as lacking humanness altogether, whereas infrahumanization is perceiving an outgroup as lacking uniquely human attributes like secondary emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "Ascent of (Hu)Man"?

    <p>The &quot;Ascent of (Hu)Man&quot; is a form of blatant dehumanization where people are perceived as being less than fully human on a scale of ape to human.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an illusory correlation?

    <p>An illusory correlation is the perception of a relationship between two variables when there is no real relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "BeanFest" study demonstrated that people can form stereotypes about groups even when they have no personal experience with those groups.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between implicit and explicit racial bias?

    <p>Implicit racial bias is unconscious and automatic, rooted in learned associations between race and negative stereotypes. Explicit racial bias is conscious and deliberate, reflecting overt prejudiced attitudes and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "Shooter Bias"?

    <p>The &quot;Shooter Bias&quot; refers to the tendency for people, particularly white individuals, to more quickly shoot unarmed black people than unarmed white people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sociometer Theory suggests that self-esteem acts as a gauge of how much we feel included or excluded.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "Cyberball" paradigm?

    <p>The &quot;Cyberball&quot; paradigm is a social rejection experiment that simulates social exclusion and allows researchers to study its psychological effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Harlow's research with monkeys showed that infants primarily bond with the mother who provides food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contention of Holt-Lunstand et al., (2010) regarding social relationships?

    <p>Holt-Lunstand et al., (2010) found that the lack of close relationships can have a more detrimental impact on health than behaviors like smoking and drinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loneliness is simply a state of being physically separated from others.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Relational Self?

    <p>The Relational Self refers to aspects of our self-concept that are linked to our relationships with significant others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relational schemas are mental representations of our regularities in an interpersonal relationship.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "Michelangelo Phenomenon"?

    <p>The Michelangelo Phenomenon describes how close partners can help each other sculpt their ideal selves by supporting their goals and reinforcing their positive qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Social Ecological Model?

    <p>The Social Ecological Model emphasizes that behavior is influenced by multiple levels of influence, namely intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and systemic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination?

    <p>Prejudice is an evaluation (often negative) of a person or group based on their group membership. A stereotype is a belief or association about a group. Discrimination is behaving differently towards people based on their group membership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Social Identity Theory proposes that people seek a positive social identity to maintain their self-esteem.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "Minimal Group Paradigm" demonstrate about the formation of prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>The Minimal Group Paradigm shows that even arbitrary and minimal group distinctions can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group negativity, demonstrating the ease with which prejudice and discrimination can arise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Realistic Conflict Theory suggests that intergroup hostility is primarily caused by cultural differences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Stereotype Content Model?

    <p>The Stereotype Content Model proposes that stereotypes about social groups can be understood in terms of two key dimensions: warmth and competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehumanization is the act of perceiving a person or group as lacking uniquely human attributes, like complex emotions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An illusory correlation occurs when people perceive a relationship between two variables that does not actually exist.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The implicit association test can be used to measure conscious, deliberate racial bias.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sociometer Theory states that self-esteem serves as an indicator of our perceived level of social inclusion and acceptance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 11: What is an attitude?

    • An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event.
    • Gordon Allport termed it the "most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology."

    Attitude Structure: ABC Model

    • Affective component: A person's feelings or emotions about the attitude object (e.g., I crave chocolate).
    • Behavioral (conative) component: How the attitude influences behavior (e.g., I will purchase a candy bar).
    • Cognitive component: A person's beliefs or knowledge about an attitude object (e.g., I believe chocolate is unhealthy).

    Attitude Strength: Strong vs. Weak

    • Strong attitudes are resistant to change, stable over time, and influential on cognition and action.

    Attitude Strength

    • Attitude features related to attitude strength are discussed further in slides.

    Attitude Functions

    • Object-appraisal function: Helps make sense of the world.
    • Instrumental function: Helps avoid pain and receive rewards.
    • Value-expressive function: Demonstrates and maintains long-term standards and orientations.
    • Social-adjustive function: Signals interpersonal priorities, sensitivity to others, and getting along with people.

    Dual Process Model of Attitudes

    • Explicit attitudes: Conscious and easy to report.
    • Implicit attitudes: Automatic and leak out in behavior.

    Attitude Assessment

    • Self-report measures: Feeling thermometer, Likert scale.
    • Advantages: Easy to measure, straightforward results, predict overt behavior.
    • Disadvantages: Influenced by self-presentation concerns, might not pick up implicit attitudes.
    • Behavioral measures: Implicit Association Test (IAT), Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP).
    • Advantages: Assess implicit attitudes.
    • Disadvantages: Hard to manipulate, merely assesses cultural beliefs, malleable.

    Psychological Measures

    • Skin conductance, cardiovascular measures, facial electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

    Attitudes Predicting Judgments and Behavior

    • Motivation and opportunities as determinants
    • Low motivation and opportunity to deliberately think lead to judgments/behavior being influenced by automatic (implicit) attitudes.
    • High motivation and opportunity to think lead to overriding automatic (implicit) attitudes

    Persuasive Communication

    • Chain of cognitive responses
    • Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981, 1986)
    • Details in slides.

    Lecture 12: Historical Context

    • Computers as inputs, outputs, and storage devices for processing and storing information.
    • Emotions were not a focus of the original information processing approach.

    Types of Affect

    • Affect: Experience and expression of pleasantness/unpleasantness.
    • Emotion: Affect triggered by an object (e.g., fear, sadness)
    • Mood: A state of affect without a specific cause (e.g., feeling down)
    • Note on feelings not requiring cognition (1923-2008): Mere exposure effect, emotions that aren't explicitly cognitive based

    Discrete vs. Dimensional Models of Emotion

    • Discrete emotions: Primary (basic) emotions (e.g., fear, happiness) felt by all animals, secondary emotions (complex).
    • Dimensional models: Circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980) with valence and arousal.

    How can affect influence cognitions?

    • Affect as Information (Schwarz & Clore, 1983) studied effect on cognition

    Lecture 13: What is Impression Formation?

    • Traits (dispositions) are distinguishing characteristics.
    • Impression formation is the process of perceiving, organizing, and integrating information to form a unified impression.
    • Is impression formation elemental or holistic? (example: with the attributes of Andy)

    Holistic/Gestalt Perspective

    • Visual perception (the color red against orange).
    • Composite face task (Gestalt).
    • Asch's (1946) study of impression formation
    • Central traits: Traits that alter the impression created (e.g., warmth, intelligent)
    • Primacy effect: First-learned traits exert greater influence on overall impression

    Critiques of Asch

    • Central vs peripheral traits
    • Zanna & Hamilton study validating the elements of the study
    • Warmth and Competence as universal dimensions
    • Arguments that if traits are too correlated, perhaps there were other components in place that contributed to the overall impression, rather than just a perceived central trait.

    Online vs. Memory-Based Judgements

    • Online impressions vs memory-based impressions

    Lecture 14: How does categorical info influence impressions?

    • Continuum Model of Impression Formation (Fiske & Neuberg).
    • Cognitive misers, stereotypes are schemas.
    • Target categorization
    • Allocating attention
    • Cognitive assessment
    • Further assessment of target

    Lecture 15: How does Mind Perception Develop?

    • Newborn observations on gaze and facial expressions
    • Cognitive development and how mind perception develops

    The "False Belief" Test: Theory of Mind

    • Children's understanding if others have different beliefs.

    Autism and Theory of Mind

    • Discussion of differing abilities to understand beliefs in children with Autism.

    Strategies for Mind Perception

    • Projections (using own thoughts to understand others).
    • Stereotyping (using categories to understand others).
    • Dimensions of mind perception (Gray et al. 2007) - agency, experience, and capacity for pain.

    Lecture 16: What is the Self?

    • Internal attentional focus
    • Mind wandering
    • The homunculus
    • Self concept
    • Working self-concept
    • Sensory memory
    • Self schemas

    Lecture 17: Need to Belong

    • Sociometer theory- measuring how accepted we feel
    • Social rejection
    • Social relationships and wellbeing
    • Loneliness

    Lecture 18: Social Ecological Model

    • Intrapersonal level
    • Interpersonal level
    • Institutional level
    • Community level
    • Systemic level
    • Prejudice: An evaluation of someone or a group
    • Stereotypes: Beliefs about groups
    • Affect, cognition, and behavior.

    Us vs. Them: The Minimal Group Paradigm

    • Participant categorization and task evaluation.
    • How judgments of ingroup and outgroup affect perception.

    Stereotype Content

    • Warmth and competence dimensions
    • Stereotypes related to social groups, including disabled, older people, homeless, drug addicts, poor, middle-class, Christians, heterosexuals, Jews, and Asians.

    Dehumanization and Infrahumanization

    • Perceiving outgroups as lacking human qualities.

    Lecture 19: Stereotype Formation

    • How information processing biases (e.g., illusory correlation) contribute to stereotype formation.
    • Learning and Cultural stereotypes.

    The Persistence of Outgroup Negativity

    • Fazio et al. (2004) study on bean tasting to predict outgroup negativity- Participants formed stereotypes based on past experiences even without sufficient information.

    Lecture 20: Implicit vs. explicit bias, shooter bias

    • Implicit and explicit racial biases
    • Shooter bias experiment, and results

    Lecture 21: How do close relationships influence us?

    • Relational self, schemas
    • Priming (Study), transference paradigm (Study).
    • Derogation of attractive alternatives (Study)

    Lecture 22: Attraction and Mate Selection

    • Physical attractiveness (Halo Effect, Average Faces, WHR)
    • Implicit and explicit attitudes

    Reading Summary

    • Notes about reading comprehension and key findings.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of attitudes, including their definitions, structure according to the ABC model, and the distinction between strong and weak attitudes. Explore how attitudes influence behavior and cognition, and learn about their various functions in social psychology.

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