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Questions and Answers
What is learning?
A process that results in a relatively consistent change in behaviour or behaviour potential based on experience.
What is an example of habituation?
All changes in behaviour are the result of learning.
False
Who founded the school of thought known as behaviourism?
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What does classical conditioning involve?
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What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
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What is the Conditioned Response (CR)?
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Acquisition is the process by which the CR is first elicited and gradually increases in frequency.
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The weakening of a CR because of the absence of CS and UCS is called _____ .
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Study Notes
Learning
- Learning is a process that results in a relatively consistent change in behaviour or behaviour potential based on experience. This includes taking information, evaluating it, using it, and then making a response to the environment.
- The difference between what has been learned and what is expressed (performed) overtly is called the learning-performance distinction.
- Habituation is a basic form of learning where a stimulus no longer produces an action because it does not require attention due to repeated action.
- Learning may occur but might not always be displayed in behaviour, and it is important to distinguish between what has been learned and what is expressed.
- Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning where one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another through learned associations.
- Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, observed learned associations during his research on digestion and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work.
Key Features of Learning
- Not all changes in behaviour are the result of learning. Only relatively permanent changes that are consistent over different occasions constitute learning.
- Change in behaviour is not always immediately obvious. Learning requires experience and reference points, which can be acquired over time.
- Not all learning is intentionally produced. Learning can occur unconsciously.
- Not all things we learn actually change our behaviour or results of our learning. We may acquire knowledge without changing our actions or showing measurable consequences.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a form of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a biologically significant stimulus, allowing the neutral stimulus to elicit a response.
- Reflex is a simple, unlearned response to a stimulus.
- Stimulus is an environmental condition that elicits a response.
Condition Terms
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally elicits a behavior.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The behavior elicited by the UCS.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a behavior after association with the UCS.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The behavior elicited by the CS.
Features of Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: The process of learning an association between the CS and UCS, leading to the gradual development of the CR over repeated trials.
- Extinction: The weakening of the CR through the absence of pairing the CS and the UCS.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts related to learning, including habituation, classical conditioning, and the learning-performance distinction. Explore the theories introduced by Ivan Pavlov and understand how behavior can change based on experience. Test your knowledge of these essential topics in psychology.
