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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of psychology?
What is the primary focus of psychology?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four goals of psychologists?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four goals of psychologists?
Which level of analysis considers emotions and thoughts?
Which level of analysis considers emotions and thoughts?
What role do myths serve in human culture?
What role do myths serve in human culture?
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How do rituals relate to myths in a cultural context?
How do rituals relate to myths in a cultural context?
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What characteristic differentiates early Greek philosophers from earlier methods of understanding the world?
What characteristic differentiates early Greek philosophers from earlier methods of understanding the world?
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Which factor does NOT interact with neurological activity in the study of psychology?
Which factor does NOT interact with neurological activity in the study of psychology?
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In what way do everyday activities operate in psychological study?
In what way do everyday activities operate in psychological study?
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What approach emphasizes the function of mental processes in adapting to the environment?
What approach emphasizes the function of mental processes in adapting to the environment?
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Which school of psychology argued that consciousness cannot be broken down into elements?
Which school of psychology argued that consciousness cannot be broken down into elements?
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What did James mean by 'stream of consciousness'?
What did James mean by 'stream of consciousness'?
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Which concept is associated with insights occurring during problem-solving in Gestalt psychology?
Which concept is associated with insights occurring during problem-solving in Gestalt psychology?
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What was one aspect that all major schools of thought mentioned shared?
What was one aspect that all major schools of thought mentioned shared?
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What does Gestalt mean in German?
What does Gestalt mean in German?
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Which of the following theories primarily focused on the unconscious mind's influence on behavior?
Which of the following theories primarily focused on the unconscious mind's influence on behavior?
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Which perspective argues that perception is based on inborn tendencies to structure what we see?
Which perspective argues that perception is based on inborn tendencies to structure what we see?
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Which professionals are most likely to prescribe medication to clients?
Which professionals are most likely to prescribe medication to clients?
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Which states in the U.S. grant prescription privileges to specially trained psychologists?
Which states in the U.S. grant prescription privileges to specially trained psychologists?
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What is a primary distinction between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists?
What is a primary distinction between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists?
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What is the main focus of cognitive neuroscience?
What is the main focus of cognitive neuroscience?
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What characterizes a collectivist culture?
What characterizes a collectivist culture?
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How do the branches of psychology share common values despite their differences?
How do the branches of psychology share common values despite their differences?
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What does social neuroscience primarily study?
What does social neuroscience primarily study?
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What is a similarity between cognitive and social neuroscience?
What is a similarity between cognitive and social neuroscience?
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What was a significant contribution of von Helmholtz to psychology?
What was a significant contribution of von Helmholtz to psychology?
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What is Gustav Fechner best known for?
What is Gustav Fechner best known for?
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Which statement accurately reflects Wilhelm Wundt's approach to psychology?
Which statement accurately reflects Wilhelm Wundt's approach to psychology?
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What radical idea did Charles Darwin propose in his work?
What radical idea did Charles Darwin propose in his work?
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What aspect of psychology did Wundt particularly focus on?
What aspect of psychology did Wundt particularly focus on?
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How did Wundt's methodologies differ from those of traditional sciences?
How did Wundt's methodologies differ from those of traditional sciences?
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Which of the following best describes Wundt's theories on human behavior?
Which of the following best describes Wundt's theories on human behavior?
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Which concept did Fechner's work help establish in psychology?
Which concept did Fechner's work help establish in psychology?
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What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of disease?
What did Hippocrates believe was the cause of disease?
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Which philosopher believed in the concept of innate knowledge?
Which philosopher believed in the concept of innate knowledge?
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What relationship did Hippocrates establish between bodily fluids and personality?
What relationship did Hippocrates establish between bodily fluids and personality?
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How did Greek philosophers view theories and ideas?
How did Greek philosophers view theories and ideas?
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What did Plato consider essential for a healthy mind?
What did Plato consider essential for a healthy mind?
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Which statement about Hippocrates is correct?
Which statement about Hippocrates is correct?
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Which of the following philosophers is known as the 'Father of Medicine'?
Which of the following philosophers is known as the 'Father of Medicine'?
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What aspect did Greek philosophers contribute to modern scientific methods?
What aspect did Greek philosophers contribute to modern scientific methods?
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What is the primary focus of cultural psychology?
What is the primary focus of cultural psychology?
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Which scientist is recognized as the father of sociobiology?
Which scientist is recognized as the father of sociobiology?
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Which term is used to refer to the study of psychological functions through their biological foundations?
Which term is used to refer to the study of psychological functions through their biological foundations?
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What concept do sociobiologists challenge regarding human development?
What concept do sociobiologists challenge regarding human development?
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What is a primary concern of psychobiology in the context of human behavior?
What is a primary concern of psychobiology in the context of human behavior?
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In which subfield is epigenetics primarily studied?
In which subfield is epigenetics primarily studied?
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What do cross-cultural psychologists primarily investigate?
What do cross-cultural psychologists primarily investigate?
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What aspect do sociobiologists believe is equally influential beside genetic predispositions?
What aspect do sociobiologists believe is equally influential beside genetic predispositions?
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Study Notes
Psychology: Introduction
- Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviours.
- Mental processes involve brain activities like thinking, observing, and language use.
- Behaviour refers to observable actions of an organism, often triggered by environmental cues.
- Early psychology focused on observing behaviour to understand internal mental processes.
Four Goals of Psychologists
- Description: Observing and documenting behaviours.
- Explanation: Identifying why behaviours occur.
- Prediction: Anticipating when certain behaviours might occur.
- Control: Influencing and modifying behaviours.
Levels Of Analysis
- Brain activity (neural level)
- Thoughts, emotions (individual level)
- Group or cultural influences (social level)
Culture
- A set of shared beliefs and practices passed down through generations.
- Interacting, influencing levels: Culture affects brain activity, and vice versa.
Psychology's Roots in Philosophy
- Early Greeks used myths and rituals for explanations.
- Philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Hippocrates questioned the workings of the human mind and body, developing critical thinking.
- Early philosophers introduced methods of empirical investigation (core of scientific methods).
Psychology's Roots in Physiology and Psychophysics
- Francis Bacon emphasized empiricism—knowledge from experience.
- René Descartes proposed that the body and mind are separate but interact through the pineal gland.
- John Locke believed the mind is born as a blank slate ("tabula rasa").
- Johannes Müller examined stimulus-response relationships.
- Herman von Helmholtz measured neural speed.
- Gustav Fechner explored the relationship between physical and mental events.
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab, focusing on consciousness.
- Charles Darwin described the theory of evolution impacting psychological processes.
Structuralism
- Focused on the structure of conscious experience.
- Used introspection (looking inward): Identifying the basic elements of consciousness (sensations, feelings).
Functionalism
- Focused on the function of consciousness—how it helps humans adapt to their environment.
- Important proponent: William James
- Emphasised purpose-driven mental processes.
Gestalt Psychology
- Emphasized the importance of the whole, how parts relate to produce a unified perception and experience.
- "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
Psychoanalysis
- Founded by Sigmund Freud
- Focused on the unconscious mind.
- Believed that unconscious desires and experiences greatly influence behaviour.
Behaviourism
- Focus on observable behaviours only.
- Focused on studying relations between stimuli (things that trigger a response) and responses (how one reacts).
- Key figures include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, and John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Humanistic Psychology
- Focused on human potential and personal growth.
- Focused on humans' ability for growth and self-actualization.
- Key figures: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Cognitive Psychology
- Examines mental processes, such as information processing, memory, and decision-making, like a computer.
- Cognitive perspective is dominant in psychology today.
Psychobiology/Neuroscience
- Explores the biological foundations of behaviour and mental processes.
- Focuses on how brain activity correlates with psychological events.
Evolutionary Psychology
- Explains psychological processes in terms of natural selection and adaptation.
Socio-cultural Psychology
- Examines how cultural factors affect behaviour and mental processes.
- Examines how societal norms and cultural values influence behaviour.
Positive Psychology
- Focuses on human strengths, fulfillment, and happiness, not just weaknesses and problems.
- Aims to promote better outcomes and well-being.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of psychology, including its focus on mental processes and observable behaviors. Delve into the four essential goals of psychologists: description, explanation, prediction, and control. Understand how different levels of analysis and cultural influences shape our understanding of behavior.
