Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of self-instructional training in cognitive behavioral therapy?
Which component of emotion refers to the feelings that have an evaluative aspect?
How do emotions differ from moods?
What is the primary purpose of the Stroop task in studying implicit cognition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a possible consequence of emotional dysregulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What commonly co-occurs with anxiety disorders, making recovery more challenging?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a feature of generalized anxiety disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT identified as a contribution to anxiety disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of panic disorder patients is reported to attempt suicide?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physical disorders are known to co-occur with anxiety disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about gender differences in mood disorders is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common social effect on health related to interpersonal contacts?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the principle of equifinality?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is closely associated with the prevalence of eating disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
What does social stigma regarding psychological disorders often lead to?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes a normal anxiety response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key physiological component of anxiety?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes an unexpected panic attack from an expected one?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter system is associated with anxiety?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the psychological contributions to anxiety?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) typically respond to danger?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates anxiety from fear?
Signup and view all the answers
Chronic anxiety is characterized by which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers physiological responses during anxiety?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is primarily NOT a characteristic of abnormal anxiety?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common characteristic of panic attacks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which age group is most commonly affected by Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential risk factor for the development of panic disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychological treatment is noted as having strong support for effectiveness in treating anxiety disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
What does interoceptive avoidance refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of social anxiety disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is NOT a diagnosis criterion for agoraphobia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common age range for the onset of panic disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
What underlying factor is often associated with specific phobias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment method is considered effective for specific phobia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about selective mutism is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What common behavior might individuals with agoraphobia exhibit?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do addictive substances often play in individuals with panic disorder?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Implicit Cognition and Cognitive Processes
- Implicit cognition involves unconscious processes that aren't directly observable.
- The Stroop task is a method used to study implicit cognition and its effects.
Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy (CBT)
- Cognitive restructuring is a key technique in CBT aimed at changing maladaptive thought patterns.
- Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is an aspect of CBT that challenges irrational beliefs.
- Self-instructional training by Meichenbaum helps modify the internal dialogue clients have about their behaviors.
Understanding Emotions
- Emotions elicit behavioral tendencies in response to external events and are accompanied by physiological responses.
- Emotional states include:
- Emotions: Short-lived feelings lasting minutes to hours.
- Mood: More persistent feelings that last longer.
- Affect: Momentary emotional tones that color our expressions.
- The cognitive component involves subjective feelings with evaluative aspects.
- Physiological responses are managed by the autonomic nervous system.
- Behaviors reflect emotions through body language and facial expressions.
- Emotion dysregulation can lead to psychological disorders like panic attacks and bipolar disorder.
Cultural and Social Factors in Psychology
- Certain psychological disorders may be restricted to specific cultures (culture-bound disorders).
- Societal expectations shape gender roles and influence the prevalence of mood disorders, with two-thirds of major depression cases being women.
- Males often engage in activities as a form of self-medication, whereas women typically process emotions better and are more likely to develop eating disorders due to societal pressure.
Social Effects and Health
- Strong social support networks improve life expectancy and overall life quality.
- Low interpersonal contacts can contribute to social phobia and depressive disorders.
- Psychological disorders may manifest differently across cultures, revealing the impact of social stigma related to these disorders.
Lifespan Development
- Early life experiences affect vulnerability to stress and psychological issues.
- Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes the significance of developmental periods in shaping psychological outcomes.
Principle of Equifinality
- Multiple pathways can lead to the same psychological outcome, necessitating a comprehensive view of development and disorder.
Anxiety Overview
- Anxiety is characterized by physical symptoms, future-oriented thoughts, and behaviors aimed at escape or avoidance.
- It is time-limited and typically resolves when the triggering event ends.
Components of Anxiety
- Physiological: Involves heightened arousal and activation.
- Cognitive: Involves perception of anxiety and related thoughts.
- Behavioral: Safety behaviors like avoidance are common.
Normal vs. Abnormal Anxiety
- Occasional anxiety is normal, especially in response to real threats.
- Chronic anxiety is maladaptive, marked by perceiving threats in ambiguous situations, leading to significant distress.
Anxiety, Fear, and Panic
- Related but distinct:
- Anxiety: Anticipatory and characterized by tension.
- Fear: Immediate alarm in danger.
- Panic Attacks: Sudden onset of intense fear with physical symptoms.
Causes of Anxiety
- Biological: Genetic predispositions and neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly in GABA and noradrenergic systems.
- Psychological: Childhood anxious behavior influenced by overprotective parenting and feelings of control.
- Social: Stressful life events including social, interpersonal, and physical stressors.
Comorbidity in Anxiety
- High rates of comorbidity between anxiety and other disorders, especially major depression.
- Co-occurrence with physical conditions like thyroid disease and arthritis worsens quality of life.
Suicide and Anxiety
- Suicide risk is significant in anxiety disorders, with around 20% of panic disorder patients having attempted suicide, similar to depression rates.
Anxiety Disorders
- Characterized by physical arousal, cognitive distress, and behavioral avoidance of feared situations.
- Most prevalent psychological disorders, with a higher incidence in women.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Features uncontrollable worry about daily events, persistent feelings of impending doom, and difficulty ceasing worry, often with low physiological arousal.### Panic Attacks
- Characterized by symptoms including muscle tension, mental agitation, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances, and concentration issues.
- 12-month prevalence rate for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is 5.2%, more common in women, particularly in developed countries.
- Onset often linked to stressful life events; most prevalent among individuals aged 45 and older.
- GAD shows gradual onset and is challenging to treat, with low rates of full symptom remission.
- Potential genetic predisposition, with higher risk among monozygotic twins and family occurrences.
- Anxiety may stem from classical conditioning, cognitive focus on helplessness, and attentional biases towards perceived threats.
- Intolerance of uncertainty and positive beliefs about worry can exacerbate the disorder.
Treatment Options
- Medications include benzodiazepines (short-term use due to addiction risk) and antidepressants like Paxil.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for managing worry processes and anxiety sensations; successful with children and older adults.
- Mindfulness-based therapies also show promise in treatment.
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
- Panic disorder involves sudden panic attacks with symptoms including palpitations, nausea, choking sensations, and perceived loss of control or imminent disaster.
- Often includes symptoms of depersonalization and derealization.
- Agoraphobia characterized by fear of situations perceived as unsafe where escape might be difficult, especially in public spaces.
- Diagnosis requires anxiety in at least two of five situations: public transport, open spaces, enclosed spaces, crowds, or being alone outside.
- Many individuals with panic disorder may develop agoraphobia; avoidance behaviors are prevalent.
Statistics
- 4% of Canadians may experience panic disorder in their lifetime, with a higher prevalence in women (4.6%) versus men (2.8%).
- Mean age of onset is between 25 and 29, with initial attacks often occurring post-puberty.
Gender and Cultural Differences
- Gender stereotypes influence reporting; women may express fear more readily while men might resort to alcohol.
- Panic disorder exists globally, with unique cultural expressions, such as "Susto" in Latin America and "Kayak angst" among the Inuit.
Nocturnal Panic
- Panic attacks often occur between 1:30 am and 3:30 am, coinciding with delta sleep.
Causes of Panic Disorder
- Biological theories suggest familial links and genetic vulnerabilities; genetic diathesis is significant.
- Noradrenergic activity theory implicates overactivity in panic response centers, contributing to panic attacks.
- Psychological interpretations of bodily sensations as emergencies contribute to a vicious cycle of increased panic.
Treatment Approaches
- Medication includes benzodiazepines and SSRIs, though relapse rates near 90% when treatment ceases.
- Psychological interventions focus on exposure therapy and CBT, aiming to break the cycle of panic and anxiety.
- Panic control treatment involves inducing mild panic sensations to desensitize individuals.
Specific Phobia
- Defined as an irrational fear of a specific object or situation causing dysfunction; fears recognized as excessive.
- Lifetime prevalence varies from 3% to 15% globally; common phobias include fears of heights and animals.
- Canadian prevalence is at 6.4%, with higher rates in women (8.9%) than men (4.1%).
- Treatment often involves exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Characterized by fear of losing significant attachment figures, leading to reluctance to attend school or sleep alone.
- 35% of untreated children may carry symptoms into adulthood; overlooked often in adult diagnoses.
- Treatment includes gradual exposure, cognitive restructuring, and parent-child interaction therapy.
Social Anxiety Disorder
- Involves persistent fear of evaluation by others, leading to avoidance of social situations.
- 12-month prevalence rate in Canada is 7.1%, peaking during adolescence.
- Causes include preparedness for social cues, biological vulnerabilities, and childhood trauma.
- Treatments include CBT, group therapy, and SSRIs, though the combination shows no added benefits.
Selective Mutism
- Rare childhood disorder marked by inability to speak in expected social settings while communicating freely in safe environments.
- Genetic factors and parenting styles may contribute, with treatment emphasizing verbal participation and positive reinforcement.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating areas of implicit cognition and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in this quiz. Delve into methods such as the Stroop task and cognitive restructuring techniques that help modify self-instructions. Test your knowledge on the interplay between emotions and cognitive processes.
