Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the favourable outcome of the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage is initiative.
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the favourable outcome of the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage is initiative.
False (B)
Toddlers who are restrained too much or punished too harshly are likely to develop a sense of autonomy.
Toddlers who are restrained too much or punished too harshly are likely to develop a sense of autonomy.
False (B)
Preschoolers who assume more responsibility for themselves are likely to develop guilt.
Preschoolers who assume more responsibility for themselves are likely to develop guilt.
False (B)
The industry vs. inferiority stage occurs during the toddler years.
The industry vs. inferiority stage occurs during the toddler years.
Unfavourable outcomes in the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage lead to a sense of self-control and self-esteem.
Unfavourable outcomes in the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage lead to a sense of self-control and self-esteem.
Children who are helped to assume more responsibility for themselves are likely to develop guilt.
Children who are helped to assume more responsibility for themselves are likely to develop guilt.
The favourable outcome of the industry vs. inferiority stage is initiative.
The favourable outcome of the industry vs. inferiority stage is initiative.
The autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage occurs during the preschool years.
The autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage occurs during the preschool years.
Children who fail to master knowledge and intellectual skills are likely to develop industry.
Children who fail to master knowledge and intellectual skills are likely to develop industry.
The period of expansive imagination occurs during the industry vs. inferiority stage.
The period of expansive imagination occurs during the industry vs. inferiority stage.
Unfavourable outcomes in the initiative vs. guilt stage lead to shame and doubt.
Unfavourable outcomes in the initiative vs. guilt stage lead to shame and doubt.
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Study Notes
ID (Primitive Animalistic Part of Personality)
- Operates on Pleasure Principles, constantly seeking to increase pleasure and reduce pain
- Present at birth, unconscious, and motivate us to seek immediate gratification of all desires
- Acts to secure basic needs (food, water, warmth, or sex)
- Reservoir of psychic energy, containing 2 instincts (Eros & Thanatos) and biological drives that energize humans
- Eros (life) - drive for basic needs
- Thanatos (death) - aggression
ID's Mode of Thought
- Primary process thinking: wishful, illogical, emotional, symbolic, and satisfies motives through imagination rather than reality
- Impulsive, non-reflective, and lacks sense of time
Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
- Directing a reaction towards a less threatening target
- Example: getting angry at a lecturer, but taking it out on a friend or colleague
- Any emotion could be displaced
Projection
- Attributing one's own undesirable characteristics or impulses to others
- Example: a mother who resents her children may accuse them of resenting her
Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung
- Disagreed with Freud on the nature of the unconscious and ideas about adult personality
- Believed in collective unconscious (memories accumulated throughout human history)
Alfred Adler
- Emphasized social and cultural factors, not biological/sexual forces
- Believed human behavior is determined by learning experiences and social attitudes
- Stressed the role of childhood experiences and anticipation of future goals
Psycho-Social Theory
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (18-3 years)
- Favourable outcome: autonomy (will) - ability to exercise choice and self-restraint, leading to good will and pride
- Unfavourable outcome: shame and doubt - lack of self-control and sense of external control
Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years)
- Favourable outcome: initiative (purpose) - developing purposeful behavior to cope with challenges
- Unfavourable outcome: guilt - uncomfortable guilt feelings due to irresponsibility and anxiety
Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)
- Favourable outcome: industry (competence) - mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
- Unfavourable outcome: inferiority - feeling inferior due to lack of mastery
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